Flavorland Industries, Inc. v. Schumacker

• Decision Date: 01 July 1982
• Docket Number: No. 4366-III-5,4366-III-5
• Citation: 32 Wn.App. 428,647 P.2d 1062
• Parties: FLAVORLAND INDUSTRIES, INC., Respondent, v. Ervin SCHUMACKER, Deceased, Appellant.
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 428

32 Wn.App. 428

647 P.2d 1062

FLAVORLAND INDUSTRIES, INC., Respondent, v. Ervin SCHUMACKER, Deceased, Appellant.

No. 4366-III-5.

Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 3, Panel Three.

July 1, 1982.

William L. Halpin, Nashem, Prediletto, Schussler & Halpin, Yakima, for appellant.

Calhoun Dickinson, Perkins, Coie, Stone, Olsen & Williams, Seattle, for respondent.

McINTURFF, Chief Judge.

Was Ervin Schumacker acting within the scope of his employment when he left a business meeting in a highly intoxicated state in a company car which subsequently left the road, causing his death?

Mr. Schumacker was the assistant manager of the Flavorland Meat Packing Plant in Toppenish, Washington. He was salaried, worked irregular hours, was provided an automobile and all operating expenses of the auto were paid by Flavorland. His public relations duties required him to socialize with the local livestock buyers and sellers. While engaged in these duties, Mr. Schumacker, on Thursday, January 29, 1976, attended the weekly area livestock auction. Afterwards, Mr. Schumacker and many of the cattle sellers and buyers gathered in the lounge of the Squeeze Inn, a restaurant and bar in Zillah, Washington. Flavorland expected him to attend these weekly gatherings which had become a tradition among the cattle people. In fact, a charge account had been established by Flavorland to pay for the drinks and dinners charged by Mr. Schumacker for himself and others over the previous 31/2 to 4 years. Mr. Schumacker occasionally overindulged in alcohol at these gatherings, but his wife said he usually arrived home between 10 p. m. and midnight.

On the night in question, Mr. Schumacker drank more than usual. He left the restaurant in his company car about 9:30 p. m. and while proceeding through the city of Zillah, his car struck the extended bumper of an angle-parked pickup truck. Mr. Schumacker drove slowly after the accident, then suddenly accelerated out of town. Approximately 1/10 mile out of Zillah, his automobile, traveling at 70-90 miles per hour around a curve, left the road and he was killed. His blood alcohol level was .28.

Mrs. Schumacker's claim for a widow's pension was rejected by the Department of Labor & Industries (DLI) on July 20, 1976. She appealed to the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals, which reversed DLI and allowed her claim for benefits. Flavorland, a self-insurer, appealed to the superior court. The jury determined Mr. Schumacker was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of his death. The jurors also answered a special verdict form which stated he was intoxicated at the time of his death; that he became intoxicated during the course of his employment; and that his intoxication was a proximate cause of his death.

Flavorland moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. This motion was granted after the trial judge concluded, as a matter of law, Mr. Schumacker was not acting within the scope of his employment. The trial court made three rulings. First, there was insufficient evidence to permit a finding that Mr. Schumacker was on his way home when the accident occurred. Second, Mr. Schumacker's failure to stop after striking the pickup was an attempt to escape apprehension and therefore a purely personal act. Finally, if Mr. Schumacker was so intoxicated he was not aware he had been involved in the accident with the pickup, he had become too intoxicated to be considered as remaining within the scope of employment.

Flavorland argued to the jury that Mr. Schumacker was acting outside the scope of his employment on the night in question. He had recently notified Flavorland of his intention to terminate his employment. Flavorland maintains Mr. Schumacker's attendance at the meeting was to celebrate his impending termination of employment. Flavorland presented testimony that the majority of Mr. Schumacker's evening was spent soliciting business for his new employer, one of Flavorland's competitors. However, Mr. Van Monson, a cattle seller who was present at the meeting, said Mr. Schumacker spent only 5 to 10 minutes of the evening discussing his new employment. Flavorland further contended that even if Mr. Schumacker was at the gathering on company business, his degree of intoxication constituted such a deviation from the scope of his employment that he could not have been furthering any of Flavorland's interests. Flavorland urges that Mr. Schumacker's failure to stop after hitting the pickup amounted to his fleeing the scene of a hit-and-run accident which takes him outside the scope of his employment. ¹

The Industrial Insurance Act was promulgated to provide sure and certain relief for workers injured in their work. RCW 51.04.010. A worker is entitled to compensation if injured in the course of his employment. RCW 51.32.010. A worker acts within the course of his employment when acting at his employer's direction or in the furtherance of his employer's business. RCW 51.08.013.

The general rule is that a worker is not, under ordinary circumstances, in the course of employment while going to or from his place of employment. Aloha Lbr. Corp. v. Department of Labor & Indus., 77 Wash.2d 763, 766, 466 P.2d 151 (1970); Superior Asphalt & Concrete Co. v. Department of Labor & Indus., 19 Wash.App. 800, 802, 578 P.2d 59 (1978). The well-established exception to this rule is that a worker is within the course of employment when going to or from work in a vehicle furnished by the employer as an incident of employment pursuant to custom or contractual obligation, express or implied. Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. Department of Labor & Indus., 94 Wash.2d 875, 880, 621 P.2d 147 (1980); Aloha Lbr., supra.

In ruling on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party and all material evidence favorable to that party must be taken as true. The court, in granting a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, must be able to say as a matter of law that neither evidence nor reasonable inferences from evidence are sufficient to sustain the verdict. There is no element of discretion vested in the trial court in ruling upon such a motion. Moyer v. Clark, 75 Wash.2d 800, 803, 454 P.2d 374 (1969). If substantial evidence supports the verdict of the jury, the verdict must stand. Grange v. Finlay, 58 Wash.2d 528, 529, 364 P.2d 234 (1961). Thus, the dispositive issue is whether substantial evidence was presented to support a finding of the jury that Mr. Schumacker was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of his death.

In viewing the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in a light most favorable to Mrs. Schumacker, the jury could have reasonably found Mr. Schumacker's attendance at the Thursday night gatherings to have been a long-standing practice; that his attendance was to perform the public relations function of his job; that Flavorland knew he drank and expected him to buy drinks for others; that Flavorland not only condoned this practice but encouraged it; ² that he had been known to drink to excess in the past; that Flavorland paid for Mr. Schumacker's drinks and the drinks he bought for others; that Flavorland provided him with a car to drive to and from work; and when Mr. Schumacker left the gathering at his usual time, he was on his way home when the accident occurred. The findings by both the Board and the jury that Mr. Schumacker was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of his death are supported by substantial evidence.

Flavorland contends there was no evidence Mr. Schumacker was headed home at the time of his death and such a conclusion is speculation. Testimony was presented that Mr. Schumacker left the gathering at his regular time and was on the highway from Zillah to Toppenish which was a direct route to his home. This evidence is sufficient to support a jury finding he was on his way home at the time of his death.

Flavorland also argued to the jury that even if Mr. Schumacker was acting within the scope of his employment when he left the Squeeze Inn, his failure to stop after striking the pickup truck was an attempt to flee a hit-and-run accident which constituted an abandonment of his employment. It bases the abandonment theory on the premise that a worker is no longer in the scope of his employment when he departs from its purpose to such an extent the deviation could constitute an abandonment of his employment. Tilly v. Department of...