GERMAN EVANGELICAL v. City of Charleston

• Decision Date: 13 January 2003
• Docket Number: No. 25579.,25579.
• Parties: GERMAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF CHARLESTON, S.C. (Commonly Known as St. Matthew's Lutheran Church), Appellant, v. CITY OF CHARLESTON, Respondent.
• Court: South Carolina Supreme Court

352 S.C. 600

576 S.E.2d 150

GERMAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF CHARLESTON, S.C. (Commonly Known as St. Matthew's Lutheran Church), Appellant, v. CITY OF CHARLESTON, Respondent.

No. 25579.

Supreme Court of South Carolina.

Heard October 9, 2002.

Decided January 13, 2003.

Rehearing Denied February 20, 2003.

Kerry W. Koon, of Charleston, for Appellant.

William B. Regan, Carl W. Stent, and Frances I. Cantwell, of Regan, Cantwell & Stent, all of Charleston, for Respondent.

Justice WALLER:

At issue in this case is whether four tax-exempt properties owned by Appellant,¹ German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Charleston (a/k/a St. Matthew's Lutheran Church), located on King Street, are subject to an assessment which was adopted by the Charleston City Council pursuant to the Municipal Improvement Act of 1999, S.C.Code Ann. § 5-37-10 et seq. (Supp. 2001). The circuit court ruled the Church was properly subjected to the assessment. We affirm.

FACTS

In August 1999, Charleston City Council adopted a resolution creating the King Street Streetscape Improvement District (District), the purpose of which was to raise money by assessment to property owners on King Street for improvements such as the undergrounding of utilities, planting trees, new street lights, repaving King Street, installation of granite curves with handicap accessibility and special bluestone sidewalks. Council adopted the resolution pursuant to S.C.Code Ann. § 5-37-40(B), which allows council to adopt a resolution "upon written petition signed by a majority ... of the owners of real property within the district which is not exempt from ad valorem taxation as provided by law."² The ordinance adopting the resolution was ratified on Dec. 7, 1999.

The Church, being a tax-exempt property, did not participate in the petition method.³ It was, however, given notice and appeared at two public hearings. It also filed a written objection. The resolution was ultimately adopted by City Council, and the Church was assessed a total of $5917.62 per year for a ten year period.⁴ It filed this complaint challenging the assessment contending, inter alia, the Municipal Improvement Act evidences a Legislative intent that tax-exempt properties not be subject to assessments, and that it had been denied equal protection and due process in not being allowed to participate in the petition process. The circuit court rejected Church's claims, and upheld City's assessment.⁵

ISSUE

May the City of Charleston impose an assessment on Church's tax-exempt properties pursuant to the Municipal Improvement Act, S.C.Code Ann. § 5-37-10 et seq.?

DISCUSSION

The Municipal Improvement Act of 1999(Act)⁶ authorizes municipal governing bodies to establish improvement districts and create an "improvement plan" for purposes of preserving property values, preventing deterioration of urban areas, and preserving the tax base of the municipality. S.C.Code Ann. § 5-37-20. It is authorized to finance such improvement plans by the imposition of assessments in accordance with the Act, or by issuance of various sorts of bonds, or any combination thereof. S.C.Code § 5-37-30. Pursuant to section 5-37-40(A) & (B) of the Act, a municipality may create an improvement district, as follows:

(A) If the governing body finds that:

(1) improvements would be beneficial within a designated improvement district;

(2) the improvements would preserve or increase property values within the district;

(3) in the absence of the improvements, property values within the area would be likely to depreciate, or that the proposed improvements would be likely to encourage development in the improvement district;

(4) the general welfare and tax base of the city would be maintained or likely improved by creation of an improvement district in the city; and

(5) it would be fair and equitable to finance all or part of the cost of the improvements by an assessment upon the real property within the district, the governing body may establish the area as an improvement district and implement and finance, in whole or in part, an improvement plan in the district in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. However, owner-occupied residential property which is taxed under Section 12-43-220(c) must not be included within an improvement district unless the owner gives the governing body written permission to include the property within the improvement district.

(B) If an improvement district is located in a redevelopment project area created under Title 31, Chapter 6, the improvement district being created under the provisions of this chapter must be considered to satisfy items (1) through (5) of subsection (A). The ordinance creating an improvement district may be adopted by a majority of council after a public hearing at which the plan is presented, including the proposed basis and amount of assessment, or upon written petition signed by a majority in number of the owners of real property within the district which is not exempt from ad valorem taxation as provided by law. However, owner-occupied residential property which is taxed under Section 12-43-220(c) must not be included within an improvement district unless the owner gives the governing body written permission to include the property within the improvement district.⁷ (Emphasis supplied).

In the present case, City opted to use the emphasized method, i.e., a written petition by a majority of the owners of real property within the district which is not exempt from ad valorem taxation.

a. Legislative Intent

The Church asserts imposition of an assessment against it is contrary to the legislative intent that tax-exempt property owners not be subjected to charges, as evidenced by the fact that they are not included in the petition process.⁸

Initially, we note that municipalities do have the authority to impose assessments upon otherwise tax-exempt churches for street improvements. See City of Greenville v. Query, 166 S.C. 281,164 S.E. 844 (1931); Wesley M.E. Church v. Columbia, 105 S.C. 303, 89 S.E. 641 (1916)(churches and similar institutions, otherwise exempted from taxation, have been denied by this court exemption from liability for street improvement assessments). See also Sutton v. Town of Fort Mill, 171 S.C. 291, 172 S.E. 119 (1933)(recognizing distinction between "taxes" and "assessments" and holding that an assessment for street paving is not a tax under the constitutional meaning). The issue remains, however, whether the Legislature intended to exempt tax-exempt properties from assessments under the Municipal Improvement Act.

Essentially, section 5-37-40(B) allows two methods to create an improvement district: it may be done by a majority of council after a public hearing at which the plan is presented, or it may be accomplished by written petition signed by a majority in number of the owners of non-tax exempt real property within the district. However, even when a majority petitions, it is up to the governing body to create the district by ordinance with such changes and/or modifications as it may determine. S.C.Code Ann. § 5-37-100. It is also up to the governing body to adopt a resolution describing the improvement district, and its purposes, and setting a public hearing at which interested persons may be heard. S.C.Code Ann. § 5-37-50. Thereafter, the governing body may adopt an ordinance creating the district. S.C.Code Ann. § 5-37-100.

Church argues the failure of the Legislature to include it in the petition process under subsection 5-37-40(B) indicates a legislative intent that it be exempted from assessments under the Act. We disagree. The fact that the Legislature has seen fit to specifically exempt some categories of properties from assessments under the Act, and has failed to do so for tax-exempt properties, is dispositive.

S.C.Code Ann. § 5-37-20(3) specifically exempts the State House grounds from inclusion in an improvement district. Further, section 5-37-40(B) exempts owner-occupied residential property from inclusion within an improvement district unless the owner gives the governing body written permission to include the property within such district. 1999 Act No. 118, § 2. In Hodges v. Rainey, 341 S.C. 79, 533 S.E.2d 578 (2000), we recently recognized:

The canon of construction "expressio unius est exclusio alterius" or "inclusio unius est exclusio alterius" holds that "to express or include one thing implies the exclusion of another, or of the alternative." Black's Law Dictionary 602 (7th ed. 1999).... The enumeration of exclusions from the operation of a statute indicates that the statute should apply to all cases not specifically excluded. Exceptions strengthen the force of the general law and enumeration weakens it as to things not expressed. Norman J. Singer, Sutherland Statutory Construction § 47.23 at 227 (5th ed. 1992) (citations omitted).

Here, the General Assembly has specifically exempted both owner-occupied residences and the State House grounds from inclusion in improvement districts. Under the doctrine of "expressio unius est exclusio alterius," its failure to exclude tax-exempt properties is indicative of a legislative intent that such properties may be included in an improvement district. Accordingly, we find no clearly evinced legislative intent expressed in section 5-37-40.

Due Process/Equal Protection

The Church also asserts that depriving it of the opportunity to participate in the petition process violates due process and equal protection. We disagree.

As for its due process contention, we find no violation. Although Church did not have an opportunity to petition to be in a majority of those supporting creation of an improvement district, it was given notice of the resolution and ample opportunity to be heard, along with the opportunity to file objections and appeal any assessment. Moreover, as the circuit found, the petition process is merely the first step in the process of adopting an ordinance to create an...