Gilleland v. Armstrong Rubber Co.

• Decision Date: 23 November 1994
• Docket Number: No. 93-965,93-965
• Citation: 524 N.W.2d 404
• Parties: Larry C. GILLELAND, Appellant, v. ARMSTRONG RUBBER CO., and Travelers Insurance Co., Appellees.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

Page 404

524 N.W.2d 404

Larry C. GILLELAND, Appellant, v. ARMSTRONG RUBBER CO., and Travelers Insurance Co., Appellees.

No. 93-965.

Supreme Court of Iowa.

Nov. 23, 1994.

Philip F. Miller, Des Moines, for appellant.

Terry L. Monson and Steven M. Nadel of Ahlers, Cooney, Dorweiler, Haynie, Smith & Allbee, P.C., Des Moines, for appellees.

Considered en banc.

PER CURIAM.

Larry Gilleland appeals from a district court order affirming the industrial commissioner's denial of his claim for additional workers' compensation benefits. He contends the scheduled injury provisions of Iowa Code section 85.34(2) (1993) violate the equal protection guarantees of the Iowa and United States Constitutions. He also contends the industrial commissioner erred in giving inordinate weight to the opinion of his treating physician and in failing to reopen the record for additional evidence. We affirm.

I. Background.

Gilleland sustained a work-related broken leg in 1987. On April 6, 1989, Gilleland filed a petition with the industrial commissioner for additional benefits, alleging the 1987 injury had also caused injury to his body as a whole. He also challenged the constitutionality of the scheduled injury provisions of Iowa's workers' compensation scheme.

After a hearing, the deputy commissioner issued a proposed opinion, concluding that Gilleland's alleged injuries were not caused by the 1987 injury. The deputy gave more weight to the treating physician's opinion that Gilleland's back and neck problems were not caused by the 1987 injury than to the contrary opinion of the doctor who saw Gilleland once and based his opinion on Gilleland's subjective complaints. The deputy commissioner found it did not have jurisdiction to address Gilleland's constitutional challenge.

Gilleland appealed to the industrial commissioner. Some three months after his appeal was filed, Gilleland submitted a pro se brief contending, among other things, that the matter should be remanded due to his treating physician's recent, posttrial change of opinion. The treating physician's new opinion indicated Gilleland's back injury was a work-related aggravation of a preexisting condition. The industrial commissioner concluded it could not consider evidence presented by means of an appeal brief and refused to consider the treating physician's new opinion. It adopted the deputy's proposed opinion and affirmed the denial of benefits. On judicial review, the district court affirmed finding section 85.34(2) constitutional. Gilleland now appeals.

II. The Constitutionality of the Scheduled Injury Provisions of Iowa's Workers' Compensation Scheme.

Gilleland contends the scheduled injury provisions of Iowa Code section 85.34(2) violate the equal protection guarantees of the United States and Iowa Constitutions. The equal protection guarantees of the United States Constitution are provided in the Fourteenth Amendment, section one, as follows:

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

U.S. Const. amend. XIV § 1. The Iowa Constitution puts substantially the same limitations on state legislation, providing:

All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation; the general assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities, which, upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens.

Iowa Const. art. I § 6.

As a threshold issue, Gilleland contends section 85.34(2) is subject to strict scrutiny analysis as opposed to the less stringent rational basis analysis. See Suckow v. NEOWA FS, Inc., 445 N.W.2d 776, 778 (Iowa 1989). In order for a statute to be subject to strict scrutiny it must involve a suspect classification or a fundamental right. Id.

Gilleland initially claims section 85.34(2) should be subject to strict scrutiny because the entire workers' compensation scheme impinges upon the fundamental right to "sue for damages." This issue has been decided adversely to Gilleland in Suckow.

Suckow involved an equal protection challenge to Iowa Code section 85.20 (1985), granting an employer-tortfeaser immunity and a coemployee limited immunity from suit. Suckow, 445 N.W.2d at 777-78. "Suckow contended the distinction between the liability of an employer and co-employee in section 85.20 infringed upon a fundamental right--his access to the courts." Id. at 778. We determined "Suckow incorrectly assumed that access to the courts is itself a fundamental right" and refused to apply the strict scrutiny analysis. Id. We find no difference between Suckow's alleged right to have access to the courts and Gilleland's alleged right to sue for damages. The right to sue for damages is not itself a fundamental right.

Gilleland argues a second alternative for application of strict scrutiny analysis. He contends an employee who does not suffer a scheduled injury is able to obtain recovery for loss of earning capacity while an employee who suffers a scheduled injury is not. He claims this distinction treats the two classes of injured employees differently to the detriment of those suffering scheduled injuries.

Gilleland fails to cite any authority indicating the United States Supreme Court has found this distinction involves a suspect class or a fundamental right. Without such authority, we are not bound to apply strict scrutiny analysis. See Stracke v. City of Council Bluffs, 341 N.W.2d 731, 733 (Iowa 1983) (strict scrutiny analysis only required in few cases involving suspect classes and fundamental rights as defined by Supreme Court). Thus, we need only apply the rational basis analysis to Gilleland's alleged constitutional violation. Cf., Stephenson v. Sugar Creek Packing, 250 Kan. 768, 830 P.2d 41, 48 (1992).

In the application of the rational basis analysis, Gilleland must first demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that the scheduled injury classifications of section 85.34(2) deny him equal protection. See Suckow, 445 N.W.2d at 779. He must indicate with particularity how this denial occurs. Id. To meet this heavy burden, he must negate every reasonable basis which may support this classification. Id.

Gilleland's arguments in relation to the rational basis analysis again focus on the ability of employees who suffer nonscheduled injuries to obtain compensation for loss of earning capacity while those suffering scheduled injuries cannot. He claims there is no rational basis for this distinction.

Gilleland is correct that a disparity exists between the compensation for scheduled and nonscheduled injuries. Nonscheduled permanent partial disabilities are compensated by the industrial disability method which takes into account the loss of earning capacity. Mortimer v. Fruehauf Corp., 502 N.W.2d 12, 14-15 (Iowa 1993). Scheduled permanent partial disabilities, on the other hand, are "arbitrarily" compensable according to the classifications of section 85.34(2) without regard to loss of earning capacity. Id. Determining disability in this fashion--looking only to the impairment of the employee's body function--is referred to as the functional disability method. Id. By using the functional disability method of section 85.34(2),

we are not concerned with the question of the extent of disability. The compensation in that event is definitely fixed according to the loss of use of the particular member. The very purpose of the schedule is to make certain the amount of compensation in the case of specific injuries and to avoid controversies....

Dailey v. Pooley Lumber Co., 233 Iowa 758, 760, 10 N.W.2d 569, 571 (1943) (emphasis added).

As Dailey indicates, a rational basis exists for the application of the scheduled injury provisions of section 85.34(2). They reduce controversies through certainty of compensation. Accord Mortimer, 502 N.W.2d at 17; see also Schell v. Central Eng'g Co., 232 Iowa 421, 425, 4 N.W.2d 399, 401 (1942) ("The [scheduled injury] statute was intended to be definite. It draws definite lines. A line is necessarily arbitrary."). Because a rational basis for the scheduled injury provisions exists, we conclude Gilleland's challenge must fail. This result is consistent with other jurisdictions that have considered constitutional challenges to similar scheduled injury provisions. See Imrich v. Industrial Comm'n, 13 Ariz.App. 155, 474 P.2d 874, 875 (1970) (scheduled injury provisions not entirely arbitrary or unreasonable); Koesterer v. Industrial Comm'n, 45 Ill.2d 383, 259 N.E.2d 49, 50 (1970) (limitation of compensation for scheduled injuries not an arbitrary and unreasonable classification); Deegan v. Raymond Int'l Builders, 518 So.2d 1082, 1084 (La.App.1987) (requirement of fifty percent or greater loss of use before recovery of scheduled disability benefits held constitutional); Hise Constr. v. Candelaria, 98 N.M. 759, 760, 652 P.2d 1210, 1211 (1982) (scheduled injury section not unconstitutional as applied).

III. Whether the Industrial Commissioner Gave Inordinate Weight to the Opinion of the Treating Physician.

Gilleland also claims the industrial commissioner, by adopting the deputy's decision, improperly gave the opinion of the treating physician, Dr. Marshall Flapan, greater weight than the opinion of Dr. Jerome Bashara, who saw Gilleland once for the purpose of an independent examination.

We do not believe Gilleland can prevail on this issue. On the one hand, Gilleland correctly argues we have rejected the proposition that, as a matter of law, a treating physician's testimony will be given more weight than a physician who examines the patient in anticipation of litigation. Rockwell Graphic Sys., Inc. v. Prince, 366 N.W.2d 187, 192 (Iowa 1985). However, the...