Griffitts v. Humphrey

• Decision Date: 09 December 1955
• Citation: 288 S.W.2d 1,3 McCanless 528,199 Tenn. 528
• Parties: Edgar GRIFFITTS v. Mrs. John F. HUMPHREY, Executrix, etc., et al. 3 McCanless 528, 199 Tenn. 528, 288 S.W.2d 1
• Court: Tennessee Supreme Court

Page 1

288 S.W.2d 1

Edgar GRIFFITTS v. Mrs. John F. HUMPHREY, Executrix, etc., et al.

3 McCanless 528, 199 Tenn. 528, 288 S.W.2d 1

Supreme Court of Tennessee.

Dec. 9, 1955.

Rehearing Denied March 9, 1956.

R. Arnold Kramer, Erma G. Greenwood, Kramer, Dye, McNabb & Greenwood, Knoxville, for plaintiff in error.

Paul E. Parker and Jennings, O'Neil & Jarvis, Knoxville, for defendants in error.

BURNETT, Justice.

This is a Workman's Compensation case instituted in the Circuit Court of Knox County, Tennessee, by the plaintiff in error on April 1, 1954, seeking to recover benefits for disabilities resulting from an accident which occurred on May 5, 1952, but which under the allegations to the petition did not result in disability until April 13, 1953. Thus the suit was instituted within one year from the resulting disability but not within one year from the time of the accident.

To this declaration the defendants demurred basing their demurrer on the statute of limitations of one year, contained in Code Sections (Williams Annotated Code) 6874 and 6884. The trial judge sustained this demurrer and the plaintiff below has seasonably perfected his appeal. Able arguments have been heard and briefs have been filed by both sides and we now have the matter for determination.

We are faced flatly with the proposition of when the statute of limitations starts to run in a Workman's Compensation case. Whether from the date of accident or from the date of known disability resulting from a previous accident. Heretofore this Court has determined the matter in one instance from the date of the accident and in others from the date of known disability. The question now is should we say that the cases in which the time of the running of the statute is fixed at the time of the known disability should be segregated and held as applying only to the facts of those particular cases or should we now adopt a rule which is applicable in Workmen's Compensation cases to all of such cases? We are faced flatly with this proposition and will attempt to answer it.

The petition for compensation avers that: 'On or about May 5, 1952', the employee was involved in an accident of which his immediate superior knew and as a result of knowing of this accident he, the supervisor of the job for the John F. Humphrey Company, submitted on May 15, 1952, 'a full and complete report of the accident to the defendant, Employers' Liability Assurance Corporation, Ltd.' To pinpoint the matter Code Section 6874, insofar as here applicable, provides:

'The right to compensation under this chapter shall be forever barred, unless within one year after the accident resulting in injury or death occurred the notice required by the preceding section is given the employer and a claim for compensation under the provisions of this chapter is filed with the tribunal having jurisdiction to hear and determine the matter;' (then there is a proviso which is added by the chapter 139 of the Public Acts of 1947 which does not pertain to the question here involved). (Emphasis ours.)

Section 6884, insofar as here applicable, provides:

'The time within which the following acts shall be performed under this chapter shall be limited to the following periods, respectively.

'(1) Limit of time of actions or proceedings.--Actions or proceedings by an injured employee to determine or recover compensation, one year after the occurrence of the injury; except as provided in section 6874 of the Code as amended.' (Emphasis ours.)

The exception clause last above quoted was provided by Chapter 139 of the Public Acts of 1947. Otherwise this Section, as well as that portion of Section 6874 heretofore quoted, are as they were in the original enactment of the compensation law in 1919. In the outset we notice that in first section quoted from, that is, 6874 it is provided that the one year statute is 'after the accident resulting in injury' while in Section 6884 the language is 'one year after the occurrence of the injury'.

In 1924 or five years after the enactment of the Workmen's Compensation Act this Court in the case of Graham v. J. W. Wells Brick Co., 150 Tenn. 660, 266 S.W. 770, 772, 774, held in reference to the two sections last above quoted that:

"While the words 'accident' and 'injury' are not synonymous, the accident produced the injury, and in point of time they were concurrent. We are compelled to hold, must hold, unless we resort to judicial legislation, that the Legislature by these two sections fixed the date of the injury at the date of the accident, and not some remote date thereafter, when the injured employee became definitely satisfied that he was disabled as a result of the accident."

This Court in 1947 or 23 years after the Graham case held in Ogle v. Tennessee Eastman Corp., 185 Tenn. 527, 206 S.W.2d 909, that the statute must be liberally construed, McBrayer v. Dixie Mercerizing Co., 176 Tenn. [199 TENN 532] 560, 144 S.W.2d 764, in favor of the claimant and that the statute of limitations in a Workman's Compensation action commenced to run from the 'occurrence of the injury' and not from the occurrence of the accident. Thus we see the conflict in the holding of the two cases.

In the Ogle case, supra [185 Teen. 527, 206 S.W.2d 910], we distinguished the Graham case, supra, upon the facts, stating, that in the case of "the injury or impairment of the vision of [the employee's] eye, developed long before the expiration of one year." It seems to us that this distinction is rather questionable and that it was merely a reason or excuse rather for the Court to use at the time when the Court was beginning to realize that in this type of case it was necessary to hold differently from that as held in the Graham case. Thus under the doctrine of stare decisis the Graham case was attempted to be sidestepped very gently. It now behooves us to make a clear distinction. We in 1948 followed the Ogle case in the case of Burcham v. Carbide & Carbon Chem. Corp., 188 Tenn. 592, 221 S.W.2d 888, and at that time attempted to make the rule which then applied in the Ogle case the general rule.

In a note in 21 Tenn.Law Review, at page 210, the author in commenting on the Burcham case says: 'The Tennessee Court has now definitely aligned itself with the weight of judicial authority that the statute of limitations in workmen's compensation cases commences to run at the time injury accrues, or is determined to be compensable, rather than at the time of the accident.' Citing cases from many, many jurisdictions.

We said that in the Ogle case it had been determined 'that the statute of limitations commenced to run from 'the occurrence of the injury' * * * and not from the occurrence of the accident.' The reasons and authority for this holding are fully set forth in the opinion and it would be futile for us to again try to review these matters. It was said in the course of the opinion that, that decision was strictly confined to the facts of that case. We see no reason though, why the reasoning in that case is not likewise applicable to the facts averred in this case and particularly those as heretofore quoted from the petition. In both the Graham case and the Ogle case as well as the Burcham case and the case now before us the plaintiff reported the accident immediately. He did not discover the permanent injury to his eye in the Ogle case, until the lapse of more than one year. In none of these cases was there any question of fraudulent concealment on the part of the employer. The cases did not turn on whether or not there had been fraudulent concealment but really turned on the fact that suit and claim was made within a year from the discovery of the injury. This Court in the Ogle case, supra, adopted the rule of statutory construction in applying the portions of the two acts heretofore quoted, Code, Secs. 6874 and 6884, as was laid down by this Court in Southern Railroad Co. v. Grigsby, 155 Tenn. 285, 292 S.W. 3, which are to the effect that when specific treatment of limitations of actions is different in two sections of a statute both applying to the same thing that the provisions of the latter statute will control rather than those of the former statute. This Court in the Ogle case, supra, said in reference to this question:

'This construction finds strong support in common sense. It is the 'injury' and not the 'accident' which determines the rights of the employee under the Act, and which is, therefore, of consequence and importance in the administration of the Act.'

There is a note in 20 Tenn.Law Review, at page 398 which criticizes these different holdings on the Statute of Limitations in Workmen's Compensation cases and criticizes to some extent the reason adopted in the Ogle case for holding that the latter statute controlled over the former. We feel that this is a well-recognized rule of statutory construction, regardless of the facts of the Grigsby case wherein it was applied, and that it is certainly applicable here. It certainly must be presumed that the Legislature in enacting this statute knew what it was doing. Obviously the draftsman of the statute was one of long experience and the statute had been drafted in view of its use in England and other places. Let us ask ourselves the question, why did the Legislature in its wisdom use in Section 6874 the word 'accident' as the determinative starting point for the statute and the word 'injury' in 6884 if it did not have some purpose in doing so? We think that the answer is obvious.

In the Burcham case, supra, we quoted with approval certain language from Salt Lake City v. Industrial Commission, 93 Utah 510, 74 P.2d 657, 658, which we thought was indeed...