Howard v. Gram Corp.

• Decision Date: 13 July 2004
• Docket Number: No. A04A0476.,A04A0476.
• Citation: 602 S.E.2d 241,268 Ga. App. 466
• Parties: HOWARD v. The GRAM CORPORATION.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

602 S.E.2d 241

268 Ga. App. 466

HOWARD v. The GRAM CORPORATION.

No. A04A0476.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

July 13, 2004.

Certiorari Denied October 12, 2004.

Nicola M. Bajalia, Valdosta, for appellant.

Alexander & Vann, William C. Sanders, Thomasville, for appellee.

RUFFIN, Presiding Judge.

Mary Howard fell in a radio station's lobby and fractured her hip. She sued The Gram Corporation ("Gram"), which owned the radio station, for damages. Gram moved for summary judgment, which the trial court granted. On appeal, Howard challenges this ruling. For reasons that follow, we affirm.

Summary judgment is only proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.¹ We review the evidence and record de novo, construing all reasonable conclusions and inferences in favor of the nonmovant.²

Viewed in this manner, the evidence showed that Howard's adult daughter, Marlana Howard, was being interviewed at a local radio station. Howard accompanied her daughter to the event. According to Marlana, her mother had no other business at the radio station. Before the interview, Howard and her daughter waited in the lobby. Howard saw a sign that read "Watch Your Step" in the front of the lounge and thought that the sign referred to the hallway to the studio. She did not believe that the sign had anything to do with the lounge area. As Marlana was being led back to the studio area for the interview, Howard decided to move to the other end of the lounge area to be near a radio that was on a desk. Howard did not notice that the lounge floor had a step down into the area near the desk. She fell, fracturing her hip and injuring her head, shoulder, and back. Howard sued Gram, alleging negligence. Gram moved for summary judgment, arguing that Howard was only a licensee and as such only entitled to recover for wilful and wanton acts of Gram with regard to a static condition. The court agreed and, finding no evidence that Gram acted wilfully or wantonly, granted Gram summary judgment. We find no error.

Howard's status as either a licensee or an invitee determines the duty of care that Gram owed her.³ An invitee is someone whom a landowner, by express or implied invitation, induces or leads to come upon his premises for any lawful purpose.⁴ A licensee, on the other hand, is a person who is neither a customer, a servant, nor a trespasser, who does not stand in any contractual relation with the landowner, and who is permitted to go on the premises merely for her own interests, convenience, or gratification.⁵ The generally "accepted test to determine whether one is an invitee or a licensee is whether the party coming onto the business premises had present business relations with the owner or occupier which would render [her] presence of mutual benefit to both, ... or was for business with one other than the owner or occupier."⁶

Here, we see no benefit to the radio by virtue of Howard's visit. She was not required to drive her daughter to the interview, as the record demonstrates unequivocally that Marlana drove herself and her mother to the station. And Marlana admitted on deposition that her mother went to the station "just to be with" her and that she had "no other business ... at the radio station." Under these circumstances, Howard is properly considered a licensee.⁷

As a general rule, an owner or occupier of land is liable to a licensee injured by a condition on the property

only if the owner (a) knows or has reason to know of the condition and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to the licensee, and should expect the licensee will not discover or realize the danger; and (b) fails to exercise reasonable care to make the condition safe or to warn the licensee of the condition and risk involved.⁸

But "where the alleged negligence arises from a dangerous static condition on the premises, the duty remains not to injure the licensee wilfully or wantonly."⁹ And "[i]t has long been the position of this court that the mere existence or maintenance of a difference in floor levels or of steps in a business building does not constitute negligence."¹⁰ As it cannot be said that Gram wilfully or wantonly injured Howard by maintaining a floor that was not perfectly level, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Gram.¹¹

The dissent, however, concludes that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment. In reaching this conclusion, the dissent advocates expanding the longstanding definition of licensee in the State of Georgia to accommodate the modern reality that friends and family often accompany invitees to places of business. Such expansion is unwarranted, and the dissent's reasoning is unpersuasive.

Pye v. Reagin¹², the case cited by the dissent, does not dictate a different result.

In that case, a plaintiff sued a doctor's office after she tripped and fell on a tree root between the parking lot and the building. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant. Although this Court treated the plaintiff as an invitee, such treatment was not crucial to our analysis as we affirmed the trial court's ruling on the basis that the plaintiff had equal knowledge of the static defect.¹³ In other words, that case did not expand an owner's liability based upon a broad reading of the term "invitee."

Moreover, the extra-jurisdictional cases cited by the dissent do not require a different result. In most of these cases, the injured party fell while in a retail establishment that was open to the public at large.¹⁴ And where such retail establishment sells goods to all comers, any person entering the premises occupies the status of invitee.¹⁵ Even if the injured party does not have a present intent to make a purchase upon entry, the existence of a possible economic exchange is of mutual benefit to both parties.¹⁶ Similarly, mutual benefit may be found where a parent takes a child to school or where a friend or family member drives an elderly patient to the hospital.

In this case, however, there is no evidence that the radio station benefitted by Howard's decision to accompany her daughter to the interview. And, unlike retail establishments, it cannot reasonably be said that a radio station impliedly invites the public at large into its lobby. Under these circumstances, Howard falls squarely within the existing definition of licensee, and the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Gram.

Judgment affirmed.

SMITH, C.J., ANDREWS, P.J., JOHNSON, P.J., BLACKBURN, P.J., ELDRIDGE, ELLINGTON, MIKELL and ADAMS, JJ., concur.

BARNES, MILLER and PHIPPS, JJ., dissent.

MILLER, Judge, dissenting.

Since I believe that the majority has ignored several persuasive authorities from other states and binding Georgia precedent that mandates that the plaintiff here be treated as an invitee and not a mere licensee, I must respectfully dissent.

Viewed most favorably to Howard, the evidence reveals that Howard accompanied her adult daughter to a local radio station pursuant to an invitation to the daughter to be interviewed at the station in connection with the daughter's campaign for a city council position. The two women sat in the radio station's lounge for some time and spoke with a radio station employee. This lounge area was the area designated for radio station guests and was not part of the off-limit or interior part of the station. Howard pointed out to her daughter a "Watch Your Step" sign in the front of the lounge and told her that apparently something was wrong with the passageway back to the studio and to be careful. Howard was injured as she moved over an unseen step-down in the lounge floor near a desk. The majority erroneously concludes that, under the above circumstances, Howard was a mere licensee and therefore could not hold Gram liable for her injuries absent evidence that Gram wilfully or wantonly injured her. However, a more careful analysis reveals that Howard was an invitee and that Gram therefore owed her a higher level of duty.

An invitee is someone whom a landowner (by express or implied invitation) induces or leads to come upon his premises for any lawful purpose. OCGA § 51-3-1. A licensee is a person who is neither a customer, a servant, nor a trespasser, who does not stand in any contractual relation with the landowner, and who is permitted (expressly or impliedly) to go on the premises merely for his own interests, convenience, or gratification. OCGA § 51-3-2(a). Thus,

[t]o determine whether a person is an invitee or a mere licensee, the nature of his relation or contact with the owner or occupier of the premises must be determined. The test is whether the injured person at the time of the injury had present business relations with the owner of the premises which would render his presence of mutual aid to both, or whether his presence on the premises was for his own convenience.

(Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Restaura, Inc. v. Singleton, 216 Ga.App. 887(1), 456 S.E.2d 219 (1995).

Based on this standard, we have at times held that persons who are merely accompanying an invitee are on the premises for their own interests, convenience, or gratification and are therefore licensees. Restaura, supra, 216 Ga.App. at 887-888(1), 456 S.E.2d 219; Venable v. Langford, 116 Ga.App. 257, 258-259(2), 157 S.E.2d 34 (1967). Since the facts are undisputed that Howard had no present business relations with Gram but was simply accompanying her adult daughter to the scheduled interview, these cases would indicate that Howard was a licensee.

Nevertheless, a more recent case has held otherwise. Last year in Pye v. Reagin, 262 Ga.App. 490, 586 S.E.2d 5 (2003), we considered the status of a woman accompanying her friend to the doctor's office. We held that the landowner owed to this woman the duties owed to an invitee, and we used this standard to...