In re Susser Estate

• Decision Date: 20 February 2003
• Docket Number: Docket No. 234087.
• Citation: 657 N.W.2d 147,254 Mich. App. 232
• Parties: In the Matter of the ESTATE OF June SUSSER, a Protected Person. Betty Saari, as Conservator for June Susser, a Protected Person, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Ronald Susser and Hazel Marie Susser, Respondents-Appellants.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

657 N.W.2d 147

254 Mich. App. 232

In the Matter of the ESTATE OF June SUSSER, a Protected Person.

Betty Saari, as Conservator for June Susser, a Protected Person, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Ronald Susser and Hazel Marie Susser, Respondents-Appellants.

Docket No. 234087.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted October 1, 2002, at Marquette.

Decided December 3, 2002, at 9:10 a.m.

Released for Publication February 20, 2003.

Tercha & Daavettila (by Robert T. Daavettila), Houghton, for Betty Saari.

Marks and Legal Associates, Ironwood, for Ronald and Hazel Marie Susser.

Before: HOOD, P.J., and BANDSTRA and O'CONNELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Respondents appeal as of right from a judgment, following a jury trial, ordering the return of certain assets to the estate of June Susser, a protected person. We affirm.

I. Basic Facts and Procedural History

This Court previously affirmed the appointment of petitioner Betty Saari as conservator of the estate of June Susser in a prior appeal by respondent Ronald Susser, who is June's son. In re Susser Estate, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued July 10, 2001, 2001 WL 773193 (Docket No. 222270). While that appeal was pending, petitioner brought an action claiming that Ronald breached his fiduciary duty to his mother by using a durable power of attorney to gift himself a substantial portion of June's financial portfolio. Petitioner also claimed that Ronald wrongly recorded a quitclaim deed to June's house, though he knew that June did not intend for him to take the deed until her death. The jury found that Ronald had wrongfully converted these assets and the trial court entered judgment for petitioner. Respondents now appeal, claiming a variety of errors in the trial court proceedings.

II. Legal Analysis

A. Fiduciary Duty Attendant a Power of Attorney

Respondents first contend that the trial court erred in denying their motion to dismiss and in instructing the jury that an agent acting under a power of attorney has a fiduciary duty to act in the principal's best interests.¹ In each case, respondents contend that because the power of attorney did not expressly impose a fiduciary duty on Ronald, the trial court erred in allowing the jury to "second guess" his transactions. We disagree.

In VanderWall v. Midkiff, 166 Mich.App. 668, 677-678, 421 N.W.2d 263 (1988), this Court held that an attorney in fact could be held liable to her principal's estate if she converted his funds to herself without his authorization:

It is well established ... that powers of attorney are to be construed in accordance with the principles governing the law of agency. One of those principles is that a person who undertakes to act as agent for another may not pervert his powers to his own personal ends and purposes without the consent of the principal after a full disclosure of the details of the transaction. Hence, if [the attorney in fact] acted in her own interests and not under the direction of [her principal], she may be liable to [the principal's] estate for the monies wrongfully obtained or transferred. [Emphasis added.]

Similarly, in In re Conant Estate, 130 Mich.App. 493, 498, 343 N.W.2d 593 (1983), this Court noted that a fiduciary relationship existed between a principal and her attorney in fact "by virtue of the grant of a general power of attorney."

Although neither VanderWall nor Conant bind us, see MCR 7.215(I)(1), we find their conclusion that an attorney in fact acting under the authority of a general power of attorney is in a fiduciary relationship with the principal to be generally accepted without question. One inference arising out of an agency relationship is that the agent is to act only for the principal's benefit. See 1 Restatement Agency, 2d, § 39, p. 130.

The agreement to act on behalf of the principal causes the agent to be a fiduciary, that is, a person having a duty, created by his undertaking, to act primarily for the benefit of another in matters connected with his undertaking. Among the agent's fiduciary duties to the principal is ... the duty not to compete with the principal on his own account or for another in matters relating to the subject matter of the agency, and the duty to deal fairly with the principal in all transactions between them. [Restatement, § 13, comment a, p 58.]

These principles of agency are generally considered applicable to an attorney in fact acting pursuant to powers of attorney. See, generally, 3 Am. Jur. 2d, Agency, §§ 21-32, pp. 445-453.²

Accordingly, we conclude that Ronald's fiduciary duty to June arose as a matter of law from the grant of June's power of attorney. As with the grant of any other agency rights and responsibilities, a fiduciary obligation was established without need for the document itself to include language expressly imposing a fiduciary duty. The trial court did not err in denying the motion for dismissal or in instructing the jury regarding the fiduciary obligation owed by Ronald to June.

B. Judicial Bias

Respondents next argue that the trial court denied them due process and a fair trial when it refused to allow them to question witness Dennis Cossi, the attorney who drafted the power of attorney at issue here, regarding an improper hand gesture he allegedly made while sitting as a spectator in the courtroom.³ In making this argument, respondents imply that the trial court's decision was improperly influenced by its prior relationship with Cossi, who managed the trial judge's campaign for election to the bench, and that, therefore, they were deprived of their constitutional right to a hearing before an unbiased and impartial decisionmaker. See Cain v. Dep't of Corrections, 451 Mich. 470, 497, 548 N.W.2d 210 (1996). Upon review de novo, we find no merit in respondents' assertion in this regard. See In re Carey, 241 Mich.App. 222, 225-226, 615 N.W.2d 742 (2000) (the determination whether a party has been afforded due process is a question of law subject to review de novo).

A trial judge is presumed to be fair and impartial, and any litigant who would challenge this presumption bears a heavy burden to prove otherwise. SC Gray, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 92 Mich.App. 789, 810-811, 286 N.W.2d 34 (1979); see also Cain, supra. Here, the sole allegation of bias asserted by respondents is that petitioner's main witness was once affiliated with the trial judge's bid for election to the bench. However, other than the fact that the trial judge ruled against them on a contested issue, respondents point to no conduct by the trial judge demonstrating prejudice or bias. Because rulings against a litigant, even if erroneous, do not themselves constitute bias or prejudice sufficient to establish a denial of due process, see Armstrong v. Ypsilanti Charter Twp., 248 Mich.App. 573, 597-598, 640 N.W.2d 321 (2001), we cannot, in the absence of a more specific demonstration of bias or prejudice, conclude that respondents have overcome the presumption of judicial impartiality.⁴ Gray, supra; Cain, supra.

C. Disqualification of Petitioner's Attorney

Respondents next claim that the trial court deprived them of a fair trial when it denied their motion to disqualify petitioner's attorney, Robert Daavettila. Again, we disagree.

Respondents maintain that Daavettila, as the attorney who drafted June's latest will, violated MRPC 3.7(a) by acting as an advocate in a trial where he should have been a witness.⁵ However, in Smith v. Arc-Mation, Inc., 402 Mich. 115, 118-119, 261 N.W.2d 713 (1978), our Supreme Court reversed a disqualification order issued pursuant to the predecessor to MRPC 3.7(a), DR 5-101(B), because the party seeking disqualification had not shown that the attorney's testimony was necessary. In doing so, the Court noted that the testimony allegedly sought from the attorney was available from other competent sources, and that the party seeking disqualification had not previously stated an intent to call the attorney as a witness. Smith, supra at 119, 261 N.W.2d 713.

Here, respondents similarly failed to indicate any intent to call Daavettila as a witness in this matter, or, more importantly, to show that Daavettila's testimony was "necessary." Respondents could have, and to a large extent did, elicit testimony regarding the circumstances surrounding the new will from other competent sources. Respondents cross-examined Saari extensively regarding that matter, and had the opportunity to cross-examine June as well.

Furthermore, although respondents emphasize their need to question Daavettila to explore the validity of June's new will, that issue is irrelevant. As the trial court pointed out, this case was not a will contest. If respondents are liable for the wrongful conversion of assets from June's estate, they are liable to return those assets regardless of who might ultimately receive them in the will. Accordingly, because respondents failed to show that Daavettila was a necessary witness on any relevant issue, the trial court did not deprive respondents a fair trial...