Jefferies v. State
| Decision Date | 27 June 2003 |
| Docket Number | No. 2D02-1026.,2D02-1026. |
| Parties | Robert Christopher JEFFERIES, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee. |
| Court | Florida District Court of Appeals |
James Marion Moorman, Public Defender, and Judith Ellis, Special Assistant Public Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.
Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General, Tallahassee, and C. Suzanne Bechard, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for Appellee.
Robert Christopher Jefferies challenges his conviction for felony battery and the resulting sentence. We reverse because we find that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on a lesser-included offense.1
The facts of this case are essentially undisputed. Outside a convenience store shortly after 6 a.m. in April 2000, the victim, with whom Mr. Jefferies was acquainted, had a confrontation with Mr. Jefferies' companions and began arguing with Mr. Jefferies as he returned to his car with his purchases. The victim pushed him, and Mr. Jefferies retaliated by striking the victim three times with his fist, causing him to fall to the ground; some witnesses said he also kicked the victim after he fell, but Mr. Jefferies vehemently denied this. The victim died within minutes, but Mr. Jefferies was unaware of this as he and his friends had already continued on their way. Later that morning, after voluntarily presenting himself to law enforcement when he heard the news of the death, Mr. Jefferies was interviewed and gave a statement outlining these facts. The State charged him with manslaughter by culpable negligence using the following language: "by his own act or culpable negligence, and without lawful justification or excuse, did kill a human being, [the victim], by striking and beating the [victim] in violation of Section 782.07, Florida Statutes...." The jury returned a verdict of guilty of felony battery2 as a lesser-included offense of manslaughter by culpable negligence.
Mr. Jefferies contends that the jury should not have been instructed on felony battery as a permissive lesser-included offense. He does not claim that there was insufficient evidence presented to prove the crime of felony battery. Indeed, he cannot do so, based on the undisputed facts and his own statement. Rather, he argues that all the elements of felony battery are not subsumed within the elements of manslaughter, so that felony battery is precluded from being charged as a lesser-included offense of manslaughter by culpable negligence. We agree to the extent that felony battery is not a category I lesser-included offense of manslaughter by culpable negligence, although it may be a permissive or category II lesser-included offense depending on the allegations contained in the charging document and the proof adduced at trial. "The law requires that an instruction be given for any lesser offense all the elements of which are alleged in the accusatory pleadings and supported by the evidence adduced at trial." State v. Weller, 590 So.2d 923, 926 (Fla. 1991); Epps v. State, 728 So.2d 761, 762 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999). Thus, the information must allege the essential elements of the crime of felony battery. Farley v. State, 740 So.2d 5, 6 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999). We reverse because we find that the charging document did not include an essential element of the crime of felony battery, namely, an intentional striking.
Manslaughter by culpable negligence is the third of the three possible ways manslaughter can be charged in Florida. The other two possible manslaughter charges are intentionally causing the death of the victim or intentionally procuring the death of the victim, neither of which the State chose to charge based on the facts of Mr. Jefferies' case. See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) Manslaughter. At Mr. Jefferies' trial there was lengthy discussion on several occasions between the court, the prosecutor, and defense counsel about the proper way to charge the jury on the lesser-includeds. These discussions contrasted the lack of intent for the crime of manslaughter by culpable negligence with the specific intent required for felony battery.
We agree with the observation of Mr. Jefferies' trial counsel that the intent element for felony battery is inconsistent and mutually exclusive with the negligence aspect of manslaughter by culpable negligence. The two elements that constitute manslaughter by culpable negligence are (1) the fact of the death and (2) a causative link between the death and the culpable negligence of the defendant.3State v. Richards, 639 So.2d 680 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994). In Looney v. State, 756 So.2d 239, 240 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000), we noted that the Florida Supreme Court distinguished manslaughter by act or procurement from manslaughter by culpable negligence. Manslaughter by act or procurement requires an intent to cause death while manslaughter by culpable negligence does not. The supreme court in Taylor v. State, 444 So.2d 931, 934 (Fla.1983), noted that this difference is rooted in the common law distinction between voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter. Thus, no offense that contains an intentional element can be considered a category I lesser-included of manslaughter by culpable negligence, although that remains a possibility for manslaughter by act or procurement.
In comparison, the elements of felony battery are (1) an actual and intentional touch or striking of the victim against the victim's will that (2) caused great bodily harm,4 permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement. Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) Felony Battery. The prosecutor argued to the court during the discussions about the proper charge to the jury, and defense counsel generally agreed, that in 1997 the legislature enacted section 784.041, defining the crime of felony battery, to fill the gap between simple battery and aggravated battery.5 Mr. Jefferies' trial counsel correctly observed that the State could have charged him, in the alternative, with a crime of negligence (manslaughter by culpable negligence) or an intentional crime (felony battery) with an unintentional...
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...Felony battery criminalizes a mere touching that happens to cause great bodily harm. See Fla. Stat. § 784.041 ; Jefferies v. State , 849 So.2d 401, 404 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003) ("Felony battery is ... a species of the specific intent crime of battery ... but with resulting and unintended ......
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United States v. Davis
...to know that harm would result. See T.S. v. State , 965 So.2d 1288, 1290-91 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2007) ; Jefferies v. State , 849 So.2d 401, 404 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2003) ("Felony battery is clearly a species of the specific intent crime of battery ... , but with resulting and uninte......
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Hall v. State
...conflict with Taylor. We are aware that our decisions in Looney v. State, 756 So.2d 239 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000), and Jefferies v. State, 849 So.2d 401 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003), contain some language interpreting Taylor that could be construed to support Hall's argument. While those cases do not addres......
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Hall v. State, Case No. 2D01-3082 (Fla. App. 11/29/2006), Case No. 2D01-3082.
...conflict with Taylor. We are aware that our decisions in Looney v. State, 756 So. 2d 239 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000), and Jefferies v. State, 849 So. 2d 401 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003), contain some language interpreting Taylor that could be construed to support Hall's argument. However, those cases did not ......