Jones v. State, No. A04A1022.

• Decision Date: 29 October 2004
• Docket Number: No. A04A1022.
• Citation: 606 S.E.2d 288,270 Ga. App. 233
• Parties: JONES v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

606 S.E.2d 288

270 Ga. App. 233

JONES v. The STATE.

No. A04A1022.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

October 29, 2004.

Vicki E. Carter, Athens, for appellant.

Kenneth W. Mauldin, District Attorney, John M. Chenhall, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.

ADAMS, Judge.

Mac Derick Jones appeals following his convictions on one count of armed robbery, two counts of theft by taking and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

On December 27, 1999, Jones contacted Julia Ann Moss, who lived in Greene County, about a favor he wanted her to perform for him and asked her to meet him in Athens. Reluctantly, Moss did so. They drove to the residence of Darrel Lester, where Jones was staying and which was near the Suburban Lodge motel. After they arrived, Moss learned that Jones and Lester planned to rob the motel. Jones and Moss then rode together to the Suburban Lodge in her white 1991 Acura Integra. Lester drove there in another car to act as "lookout." Jones was wearing a ski mask, blue jeans, tennis shoes and a dark blue jacket.

Matthew Dion, a full-time University of Georgia student, was working as a desk clerk at the Suburban Lodge that night. He was sitting in the back room, when he heard the door slam open. Dion looked into the lobby and saw a man wearing a ski mask with a gun in his hand. The man demanded that Dion show him where the money was kept. Dion, who said he was "shocked and extremely frightened," indicated the cash register. The man took $200 to $300, dropping some money as he fled. Dion then saw a white Acura Integra leaving the parking lot. Moss testified that after Jones robbed the Suburban Lodge, he got into Moss's Integra and they drove to Lester's residence.

Officers from the Athens-Clarke County Police Department responded to the report of an armed robbery at the motel. Dion described the robber to police as being about 5 feet 10 inches tall and wearing an older tan-colored jacket which was ripped, but he could not identify the perpetrator.

Moss testified that the next day, Lester talked about committing another armed robbery. She overheard Lester talking to someone on the phone, who purportedly worked at the Local Finance Company in Athens. Lester then told Jones and Moss that he had "set up" the situation at the finance company with one of the employees. Moss drove Jones downtown in search of the Local Finance office, followed by Lester in a separate car. Jones was wearing the same mask and clothing as he had worn the night before at the Suburban Lodge. He carried the same gun. Jones then entered the Local Finance office.

Patricia Buntin, the manager of Local Finance, testified that at around 3:30 p.m. on December 28, a man came into the office just as they were about to close. The man pulled a mask over his face as he walked in. He walked over to another employee, Mildred Little, placed the gun on the counter and demanded that Little give him the money. The man gave Little a blue bag and told her to put the money in it. Little testified that she thought the man was going to shoot her because he put the gun in her face. The man took approximately $500. Moss testified that Jones came out of the Local Finance office and jumped into her car. Jones and Moss then drove back to Lester's house.

Afterward, a third Local Finance employee, Vanessa Jennings, ran to the door and yelled that there had been a robbery. Corbi Sanders, an employee of Northeast Sales, was passing by when he saw Jennings crying and saying that she had been robbed. He observed a man in a dark-colored jacket and a dark-colored hat, carrying a bag. The man jumped into a white Acura Integra, and the car drove off.

Police received no further information until June 2001, when Detective Chris Guest, the lead investigator, received a call from Lester, who was then an inmate in the Madison County jail and who offered to provide information about the robberies. Lester gave Guest the name of Moss, who was then an inmate at the Franklin County jail on an unrelated probation violation. Guest met with Moss and promised her immunity if she agreed to testify about Jones's and Lester's participation in the robberies.

A short time later Guest attempted to contact Jones. He learned that Jones was at work and left a message for him to call. Jones called Guest when he got home from work. After Guest told him that his name had come up in connection with a crime, Jones offered to talk to the detective that day. Guest asked Jones to come to the police department and he agreed.

When Jones arrived at the police station, he was met by Guest and Lieutenant Mark Durham. Jones asked Guest if he was under arrest and if he was going to jail. Guest replied in the negative. At the time, no warrants had been issued against Jones. Guest told Jones in advance that the questioning would be recorded, and the questioning occurred in Durham's office. Jones raised no objections to the recording. Guest testified that Jones was very polite and cooperative. The officers did not read Jones his Miranda rights prior to questioning him.

During questioning, Jones told detectives that Lester had come up with the idea of robbing the Suburban Lodge. Jones said that he had entered the motel, wearing a stocking mask and holding a gun. He showed the gun to the clerk and asked for money. Jones said he took money out of the cash register, but he was shaking so much that he dropped some of the money on the way out.

Jones also admitted going to rob Local Finance the next day. He said that he went in, placed the gun on the counter, handed one of the employees a blue plastic bag, and told her to fill it up. Jones said that he was wearing the exact same clothing he had worn the day before at the Suburban Lodge. Another employee filled the bag with money, approximately $600-$700, and Jones left. He gave $100 of the money to Moss and the rest to Lester when they returned to Lester's house. Subsequently, Jones and Lester got into a fight, and Jones had not seen Lester since.

Jones was allowed to leave at the conclusion of the interview, which lasted around 90 minutes. He was arrested over a week after the interview.

1. Jones asserts that the trial court erred in admitting his pre-trial statement because he was never read his Miranda rights although he was in police custody and because the statement was induced by police by the hope of benefit.

(a) In order to determine whether Jones was in custody at the time of his questioning, we apply an objective standard, considering all the surrounding circumstances:

[ T]he determination of whether one is in custody depends upon the objective circumstances attending the particular interrogation at issue, and not upon the subjective views of either the person being interrogated or the interrogating officer. Put another way, the relevant inquiry in determining whether one is in custody is how a reasonable person in the suspect's position would perceive his or her situation.

(Footnote omitted.) Hardin v. State, 269 Ga. 1, 3(2), 494 S.E.2d 647 (1998).

Here, the entire custodial interview was recorded, and after reviewing the tape the trial judge found that Jones's interrogation was not custodial in nature, noting in particular that Jones came to the police station voluntarily and was allowed to leave once the questioning was finished. The trial court's conclusion that Jones was not in custody for purposes of Miranda at the time he gave his statement is supported by the record, and we find that Jones's statement was properly admitted into evidence. See Henley v. State, 277 Ga. 818, 819-820(2), 596 S.E.2d 578 (2004); Hightower v. State, 272 Ga. 42, 43(2), 526 S.E.2d 836 (2000).

The facts of this case are distinguishable from the situation in McDougal v. State, 277 Ga. 493, 497-498(1)(A), 591 S.E.2d 788 (2004), upon which Jones relies. In that case, the defendant agreed to accompany police back to the police station. When they arrived at the station, the defendant was led through two locked doors into a secure interview room. The defendant first attempted to avoid the officers' questions about a gun by stating that he was a convicted felon. And when he was confronted about his recent possession of a gun, the officers told him that he could be arrested for that possession. The officers specifically stated that they had enough evidence to detain the defendant, and made no commitments about whether he would be arrested. The officers also told him that he was not going to be released in time to make a previously scheduled appointment. Id. at 497-498(1)(A), 591 S.E.2d 788. Based upon these facts, the Supreme Court of Georgia concluded that a reasonable person in the defendant's position would have believed that he was not free to leave. Id. at 498(1)(A), 591 S.E.2d 788.

Here, in contrast, although the officers considered going to Jones's place of employment to speak with him, they allowed Jones to contact them. He came to the station voluntarily. Jones was told at the outset that he was not under arrest, and the evidence showed that there were no pending warrants against him. In fact, the officers told Jones that he would be going home after the interview. The interview was held in Durham's office, not in a secured interview room, and there is no evidence of any locked doors. Jones was cooperative, and, unlike the defendant in McDougal, he never asked to stop the interview or to leave. Although Jones points to Durham's statement at the beginning of the interview that they "didn't want to ... run ... to the courthouse ... to issue no warrant" as...