L.A.T. v. State
Citation | 650 So.2d 214 |
Decision Date | 15 February 1995 |
Docket Number | No. 93-2508,93-2508 |
Parties | 20 Fla. L. Weekly D416 L.A.T., a juvenile, Appellant, v. The STATE of Florida, Appellee. |
Court | Court of Appeal of Florida (US) |
Bennett H. Brummer, Public Defender and Robert Kalter, Asst. Public Defender, for appellant.
Robert A. Butterworth, Atty. Gen. and Lucrecia R. Diaz, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.
Before SCHWARTZ, C.J., and HUBBART and COPE, JJ.
L.A.T. appeals an order finding him delinquent. We reverse.
On March 17, 1993, police officers were dispatched to a Hardee's Restaurant at a shopping center in suburban Dade County where three juveniles had allegedly refused to leave the premises. When the officers arrived, they found L.A.T. and two other juveniles outside. After the officers interviewed them, the juveniles walked away and entered a nearby Publix Supermarket.
After further investigation, the officers arrested one of L.A.T.'s companions 1 inside the supermarket. One of the arresting officers testified:
[L.A.T.] was screaming out in the Publix supermarket, is everybody watching this. Police brutality, Rodney King style. And he continued to do so as I walked the other Defendant--the other individual out of the supermarket all the way toward my squad car.
* * * * * *
Continued to scream at the top of his lungs. Is everybody watching this, police brutality, police brutality, Rodney King style, Rodney King style.
At which time my backup which were Officer Burmeister and Officer Enriquez arrived on the scene.
Q. Okay. And then what happened?
A. By this time we had twenty to twenty five people around them--we had the supermarket--Hardee's. We had a lot of people that are in the same area. And they just gathered around us while they were still screaming out.
Officer Burmeister and Enriquez was trying to calm them down.
Another officer testified:
We arrived--upon arrival, we saw a large crowd gathered.
* * * * * *
Q. What did you see when you got to the scene, Officer. When you drove up, what did you see?
A. I observed the defendant along with another defendant yelling and screaming obscenities.
* * * * * *
A. I then told them to calm down and relax.
Q. Okay. What was the Respondent's reaction to you when you told him to calm down and relax?
A. He became angry still, waiving his arms and continued to scream. And there was another obscenity said, I don't recall exactly what [inaudible].
Q. How many people were gathered around during this time?
A. Approximately twenty five. It's ... in a mall. There was a Hardee's, a Winn Dixie and another shopping--
Q. And what were these twenty five people or so--what were these people doing?
A. They were gathered watching and listening.
Q. Then what did you do?
A. After several attempts to calm him down then he refused to--then I told him that he was placed under arrest. That he was going to be placed under arrest.
Q. What were you placing him under arrest for?
A. Disorder.
Q. And why were you placing him under arrest for disorderly conduct?
Another officer testified:
A. As we pulled up we observed Officer Jaramillo on the ground with the--one of the black males and the two other black males standing above the officer chanting obscenities and screaming, creating a scene that was gathered around the officer.
* * * * * *
Q. Do you recall what it was specifically that the Respondent was chanting and screaming?
A. At the time it was making reference to the Rodney King beating. Rodney King, police brutality, Rodney King style and all that. In a very high tone.
* * * * * *
Q. And what happened?
A. We approached the two gentleman that were screaming and we advised them to please lower their voice. And they were asking us why their friend was being arrested, and we said we can't explain anything until you calm down and relax. And we will let you know what's going on, but please stop screaming and please lower your voices, nothing would happen.
And they didn't do that. They kept screaming and hollering and wouldn't give us an opportunity to explain what the situation was. [e.s.]
Q. What if anything did you specifically say to this--we're only concerned about this Respondent. What if anything did you say to this Respondent, do you recall?
A. Yes. I told him--he was being loud. And I told him to please lower his voice because a crowd was forming, that it was unnecessary. It was nobody business in the surrounding area of what was going on.
And I advised him to please lower his voice because he was creating a scene. There was a possibility that he would be arrested also if he didn't lower his voice. [e.s.]
* * * * * *
Q. Okay. Then what happened?
A. The individual [L.A.T.] didn't lower his voice and we placed him under arrest. [e.s.]
Q. Let me stop you here for a moment. What was he placed under arrest for?
A. Disorderly conduct at the time. We couldn't--we were getting--the scene was getting uncontrollable.
The officers placed L.A.T. under arrest for disorderly conduct. He then resisted arrest, and was charged with that offense as well.
The trial court found that the juvenile had committed the offenses of disorderly conduct and resisting arrest without violence. On this appeal, he argues that his conduct was protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and, accordingly, that he was not guilty of disorderly conduct. 2 We agree. In our judgment, L.A.T. has been punished simply for asserting his right to free speech in what the police considered--and what may well have been--an offensive manner. But the constitution does not permit that result.
As we all know,
[t]he freedom of individuals verbally to oppose or challenge police action without thereby risking arrest is one of the principal characteristics by which we distinguish a free nation from a police state.
City of Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 462-63, 107 S.Ct. 2502, 2510, 96 L.Ed.2d 398, 412-13 (1987); State v. John W., 418 A.2d 1097, 1108 (Me.1980). L.A.T.'s remarks, which, in so many both well and ill chosen words, called upon passers-by to witness and protest the arrest of his friend, fall squarely within this principle and are therefore constitutionally protected. See Swann v. City of Huntsville, 455 So.2d 944, 950 (Ala.Crim.App.1984) ) ; Ware v. City & County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177, 177, 511 P.2d 475, 475 (1973) ( ); People v. Justus, 57 Ill.App.3d 164, 167, 14 Ill.Dec. 836, 838, 372 N.E.2d 1115, 1117 (1978) ( ); People v. Gentry, 48 Ill.App.3d 900, 902, 6 Ill.Dec. 617, 618, 363 N.E.2d 146, 147 (1977) ( ); Cavazos v. State, 455 N.E.2d 618, 619-20 (Ind.App.1983) ( ); State v. John W., 418 A.2d at 1103, 1108 ( ); State v. Hampton, 66 Ohio App.3d 30, 31 n. 1, 583 N.E.2d 400, 401 n. 1 (1990) ( ); City of Toledo v. Grince, 48 Ohio App.3d 126, 548 N.E.2d 999 (1989) ( ); State v. McKenna, 415 A.2d 729, 730 (R.I.1980) ( ).
It is just as clear that the statements did not fall within the only available exception to the rule of constitutional protectability; that is, because they neither "inflict[ed] injury nor tend[ed] to incite an immediate breach of the peace," they were not "fighting words." Hill, 482 U.S. at 461-62, 107 S.Ct. at 2509-10, 96 L.Ed.2d at 412 (quoting Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130, 133, 94 S.Ct. 970, 972, 39 L.Ed.2d 214, 219 (1974)). The record shows that while a number of persons gathered at the scene and observed the goings on, L.A.T.'s words neither themselves urged the crowd to respond nor actually had that effect. Specifically, they did not "disturb" or cause anybody to interfere with the arrest or otherwise to breach the peace. 3 A "fighting words" finding is therefore constitutionally unjustified as a matter of law. See Morris v. State, 335 So.2d 1 (Fla.1976); Gonzalez v. City of Belle Glade, 287 So.2d 669 (Fla.1973); C.P. v. State, 644 So.2d 600 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994); Harbin v. State, 358 So.2d 856, 857 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978); Ware v. City & County of Denver, 182 Colo. at 177, 511 P.2d at 475; People v. Douglas, 29...
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