Larson v. Diveglia

• Decision Date: 22 September 1997
• Citation: 700 A.2d 931,549 Pa. 118
• Parties: Lee C. LARSON, Appellee, v. Paul DIVEGLIA, Appellant.
• Court: Pennsylvania Supreme Court

Page 931

700 A.2d 931

549 Pa. 118

Lee C. LARSON, Appellee, v. Paul DIVEGLIA, Appellant.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued March 4, 1997.

Decided Sept. 22, 1997.

[549 Pa. 120] Terry W. Despoy, Altoona, for Paul Diveglia.

Anthony J. Zanoni, Holidaysburg, for Lee C. Larson.

Before FLAHERTY, C.J., and ZAPPALA, CAPPY, CASTILLE, NIGRO and NEWMAN, JJ.

OPINION OF THE COURT

CAPPY, Justice.

This case presents the court with an issue of first impression: whether a person not a parent, who resides with and provides financial support for a child, has standing to petition the court for child support in the absence of a court order granting legal or physical custody to that person? We find that absent an order granting legal or physical custody a person does not have standing to bring an action for child support. Accordingly, for the reasons that follow, we reverse the decision of the Superior Court.

The instant action began on June 22, 1995 when Lee Larson, appellee herein, filed a complaint for child support against the appellant, Paul Diveglia, on behalf of appellant's natural son, Paul Diveglia II. The child, on behalf of whom child support was being sought, is the nephew by marriage of appellee. By virtue of a court order dated May 5, 1995 awarding temporary legal and physical custody of Paul Diveglia II to Gloria Larson, the child resides with appellee and his wife, Gloria Larson, who is the sister of appellant. The custody order does not include appellee, Lee Larson, as having either legal or physical custody of the child in question. Both parties concede that the child does in fact reside with Lee and Gloria Larson and that Lee Larson provides the sole financial support for Gloria, Lee and the child. The complaint seeking support from the natural father was instigated by Lee Larson and not joined by Gloria Larson. ¹

Appellant filed preliminary objections to dismiss the complaint for support, on the basis that appellee was without legal standing to pursue an order for child support. The trial court granted the preliminary objections. On appeal to the Superior Court the order of the trial court was reversed.

The Superior Court determined that appellee, by having de facto physical custody of the child, possessed the requisite legal standing to bring a support action on the child's behalf. As this question is one of first impression in Pennsylvania, this court granted allocatur.

The decision of a trial court on an action for child support will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Oeler by Gross v. Oeler, 527 Pa. 532, 594 A.2d 649 (1991). An abuse of discretion occurs where there is an error in judgment, a manifestly unreasonable decision, or a misapplication of law. Coker v. S.M. Flickinger Company, 533 Pa. 441, 625 A.2d 1181 (1993).

It is beyond question that a parent owes an absolute duty of support to his or her minor children. Oeler, at 537, 594 A.2d at 651. The obligation to support one's child is not contingent upon the parent having custody. Luzerne County Children and Youth Services v. Cottam, 412 Pa.Super. 268, 603 A.2d 212, appeal denied, 530 Pa. 666, 610 A.2d 45, reconsideration denied, cert. denied, 506 U.S. 960, 113 S.Ct. 425, 121 L.Ed.2d 347 (1992). Standing to bring an action for support is governed by Pa.R.C.P.1910.3, which provides:

An action shall be brought

(1) by a person, including a minor spouse, to whom a duty of support is owing, or

(2) on behalf of a minor child by a person having custody of the minor, without appointment as guardian ad litem, or

(3) by a public body or public or private agency having an interest in the care, maintenance or assistance of a person to whom a duty of support is owing, or

(4) by a parent on behalf of a child over eighteen years of age to whom a duty of support is owing, with the written consent of the child.

Only subsection (2) of the above cited rule is relevant herein as it permits an action for support to be commenced by a party with "custody" of the minor. Pa.R.C.P.1915.1 defines "custody" as "the legal right to keep, control, guard, care for and preserve a child...." The term "custody" includes legal and/or physical custody. "Legal" custody is the "legal right to make major decisions affecting the best interests of a minor child, including but not limited to, medical, religious and educational decisions." "Physical" custody is defined as "actual physical possession and control of a child."

Appellee does not assert a "legal right" to custody of the child. ² Appellee argues that his physical possession of the child supplies the requisite "physical custody" necessary to meet the standing requirement. The record demonstrates that the child resides full-time in appellee's home. Thus, it is superficially logical, to conclude as the Superior Court did, that appellee, by virtue of the living arrangements, exercises "actual physical possession and control" over the child. However, we cannot agree with the Superior Court that a "literal" interpretation of the phrase "physical custody" is sufficient to create standing to bring an action for child support. 449 Pa.Super. 545, 549-50, 674 A.2d 728, 730-31 (1996). Rather, we agree with the position of the dissent below which succinctly stated: "an individual cannot vest himself with legal rights regarding a child merely by asserting physical control over that child." Id. at 552, 674 A.2d at 732 (Johnson, J., dissenting).

The assertion of the Superior Court that its interpretation of "physical custody" serves the best interest of the child is baseless. This entire argument rests upon the assumption that appellee, in fact, has physical control of the child because the child resides in his home and appellee's spouse has legal and physical custody of the child. That assumption reads more into the record of this case than exists. The court order awarding temporary legal and physical custody to Gloria Larson does not confer any legal rights upon appellee. It would be just as logical to assume from the absence of appellee's name in the custody order that it would not be in the best interests of the child to confer any legal rights upon appellee on behalf of the child.

The right to child support belongs to the child and should only be asserted by a party who possesses a legal right to act on behalf of the child. Gloria Larson possesses the legal right to proceed with an action for support and has chosen not to sue for support. If appellee truly believes that decision is not in the best interest of the child then, as the trial court aptly noted, "the appropriate avenue to lodge a complaint is in the custody arena, not an 'end run' in support court." (tr. ct. op. at 2). ³ The creation of a doctrine of "de facto" standing to enable a person in possession of a minor child, in the absence of a formal custody order or agreement, to sue for support would only serve to further complicate this area of the law.

Appellee also asserts an entitlement to claim child support by virtue of the undisputed "fact" that he provides the financial support covering all basic necessities of life for the child. ⁴ As stated above a parent has an undisputed obligation to support his or her children. Oeler, at 537, 594 A.2d at 651. Appellee claims that the case of Trosky v. Mann, 398 Pa.Super. 369, 581 A.2d 177 (1990) offers credible support for his argument that a third party is entitled to pursue an action for child support against a parent where the third party has endured financial obligations on behalf of the child that unquestionably belong to the parent.

In Trosky, the plaintiff was the director of a youth drug and alcohol program where the child had resided as an in patient for several months. ⁵ When the plaintiff sought to recover the costs of the program from the child's parents the father refused, arguing that the child was emancipated. ⁶ The standing of the plaintiff to pursue the action for support was not contested; nor could such an argument have been made given the clear language of Pa.R.C.P.1910.3(3), which provides for standing by "a private agency having an interest in the care, maintenance or assistance of a person to whom a duty of support is owing." Thus, the question which Trosky answers: whether a duty of support was owing to the child in that case, is not supportive of or analogous to appellee's claim for support in the absence of standing to present the claim itself.

Accordingly, for the reasons set forth herein, the decision of the Superior Court is reversed.

NIGRO, J., files a dissenting opinion in which NEWMAN, J., joins.

NIGRO, Justice, dissenting.

I respectfully dissent from the majority's decision that Appellee has no standing to seek child support from the father of a child who lives with him and he financially supports. The rules governing support actions do not require such a result and the majority's decision goes against the best interests of a child who has no legal...