Layman v. State

• Decision Date: 30 June 2008
• Docket Number: No. S08A0815.,S08A0815.
• Parties: LAYMAN v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

663 S.E.2d 169

284 Ga. 83

LAYMAN v. The STATE.

No. S08A0815.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

June 30, 2008.

Brett Michael Willis, Kristin Irene Jordan, H. Bradford Morris, Jr., Nicki Noel Vaughan, Gainesville, for appellant.

Jennifer C. Bagwell, Asst. Dist. Atty., Lee Darragh, Dist. Atty., Thurbert E. Baker, Dist. Atty., for appellee.

THOMPSON, Justice.

The question for decision in this murder case is whether the trial court erred by denying defendant's motion for acquittal in which he claimed that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was abridged. We answer this question in the negative.

Joshua Glen Layman was initially indicted on November 10, 2003, for eight crimes stemming from the death of Cameron Green. Layman filed a special demurrer, asserting that the indictment failed to allege the date of the crimes with sufficient particularity. The trial court quashed the first indictment and the State appealed the trial court's order, but this court affirmed, reasoning that the State was reasonably capable of narrowing the range of dates set forth in the indictment. State v. Layman, 279 Ga. 340, 613 S.E.2d 639 (2005). Three weeks after this Court's decision, the State obtained a second and third indictment against Layman, and the defense again demurred. Rather than risk the entry of a second quash, which would bar the State from a further attempt to prosecute Layman for his crimes under OCGA § 17-7-53.1, the State requested entry of an order of nolle prosequi with regard to the indictments. The trial court entered orders of nolle prosequis over Layman's objections, and Layman appealed. This Court upheld the State's right to nolle prosequi both indictments. Layman v. State, 280 Ga. 794, 631 S.E.2d 107 (2006).

The State indicted Layman a fourth time, but moved to nolle prosequi the fourth indictment. Layman did not challenge this nolle prosequi. The State indicted Layman for a fifth, and final time, on December 5, 2005.

On August 30, 2007, two and a half weeks before the scheduled trial, Layman filed a motion for discharge and acquittal on the ground that he was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial. In this regard, Layman asserted that the prosecution's delay prejudiced his defense because two material witnesses died: Kristie Holbrook, on March 14, 2005, and Travis Gaites, on July 3, 2006. The trial court denied Layman's motion.

Layman's Sixth Amendment claim is analyzed under the four-part balancing test set forth in Barker v. Wingo, which requires that we consider: (1) the length of the delay; (2) reasons for the delay; (3) defendant's assertion of the right; and (4) the prejudice to the defendant. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). Standing alone, none of these factors are a necessary, or sufficient condition to a finding of deprivation of the right to a speedy trial, but rather should be considered as part of a balancing test. Washington v. State, 243 Ga. 329, 330, 253 S.E.2d 719 (1979). Thus, we must apply and weigh these factors together to determine if Layman's constitutional right to a speedy trial has been abridged. Treadwell v. State, 233 Ga. 468, 211 S.E.2d 760 (1975).

Length of the Delay

The court must first consider the length of delay when conducting a Barker analysis. Doggett v. U.S., 505 U.S. 647, 112 S.Ct. 2686, 120 L.Ed.2d 520 (1992). If the delay passes the threshold test of "presumptively prejudicial," then the delay is considered a second time by factoring it into the prejudice prong of the Barker analysis. Id. The length of the delay in this case, four years, is presumptively prejudicial and triggers an analysis of the remaining Barker factors. See Brannen v. State, 274 Ga. 454, 553 S.E.2d 813 (2001) (52-month delay presumptively prejudicial); Nelloms v. State, 274 Ga. 179, 549 S.E.2d 381 (2001) (51-month delay "egregious"); Boseman v. State, 263 Ga. 730, 438 S.E.2d 626 (1994) (27-month delay raises the threshold presumption of prejudice).

Reasons for the Delay

To evaluate the reasons for delay, the court assigns various degrees of weight to the different reasons provided by the prosecution and the defense respectively. Barker, supra, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101. When evaluating these reasons, courts must accommodate the competing concerns of orderly appellate review and a speedy trial under the Barker balancing test. U.S. v. Loud Hawk, 474 U.S. 302, 303, 106 S.Ct. 648, 88 L.Ed.2d 640 (1986). Here, the delay is attributable to the inability of the State to properly indict Laymen and to the interlocutory appeals of both the prosecution and the defense. The prosecution appealed the quashing of the first indictment; Layman appealed from the nolle prosequis of the second and third indictments. The trial court summed up the reasons for the delay as "a constant flow of filings and legal issues being raised throughout the procedural history." More significantly however, the trial court found that the State had taken no actions to deliberately delay the trial and had not been negligent in bringing the case to trial.

Thus, although the delay can be attributed to both sides, and perhaps more blame for the delay can be placed on the State than on Layman, there is nothing in the present case evidencing "that most serious abuse-`A deliberate attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense.' Barker v. Wingo, supra, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. 2182." Perry v. Mitchell, 253 Ga. 593, 594-595, 322 S.E.2d 273 (1984). It follows that, to the extent delay stems from the State's inability to draft a perfect indictment, it is a relatively benign, although negative, factor. See Jackson v. State, 272 Ga. 782, 784, 534 S.E.2d 796 (2000).

Assertion of the Right

It is defendant's responsibility to assert the right to a speedy trial. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. 2182. The failure to assert that right usually weighs against the defendant because "delay often does work to a defendant's advantage." Perry, supra at 595, 322 S.E.2d 273. In the present case, Layman filed no statutory demand for trial under OCGA § 17-7-171 but instead waited until August 30, 2007, two and a half weeks before his scheduled trial, to file a motion for acquittal. In fact, Layman delayed filing that motion even though he had been granted a two-month extension in September of 2006 to file motions. Layman did not even assert his speedy trial rights in March of 2007, when the trial court specially set this case for trial on September 17, 2007.

Layman claims that he did not seek an acquittal until August 2007 because the prejudice to his defense was not fully realized until that time. However, both of the witnesses who Layman alleges were material to his case died well over a year before Layman filed his motion. This delay in asserting the right to a speedy trial must be weighed heavily against Layman. See Nelloms, supra at 383 (51-month delay in asserting right to a speedy trial weighs against defendant).

Prejudice to the Defendant

To evaluate the fourth Barker factor, prejudice to the defendant, we consider three interests: preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration, minimizing anxiety and concern of the defendant, and limiting the possibility that the defense will be impaired. Boseman, supra at 733(1), 438 S.E.2d 626. Layman asserts that his pretrial incarceration has caused him great anxiety and concern for his health and family. However, this generalized concern, is not significant. Anxiety and concern of...