Leischner v. Daniel's Restaurant, Inc.

• Decision Date: 23 November 1977
• Docket Number: No. 14269,14269
• Citation: 54 Ill.App.3d 568,12 Ill.Dec. 534,370 N.E.2d 157
• Parties: , 12 Ill.Dec. 534 Jeryl LEISCHNER, Individually, and Lonna Leischner, Lainie Leischner and Aaron Leischner, by their mother and next friend, Jeryl Leischner, Plaintiffs- Appellants, v. DANIEL'S RESTAURANT, INC., a corporation, Ace Liquor, Inc., a corporation and D. A.'s Liquor Ltd., a corporation, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: United States Appellate Court of Illinois

Page 157

370 N.E.2d 157

54 Ill.App.3d 568, 12 Ill.Dec. 534

Jeryl LEISCHNER, Individually, and Lonna Leischner, Lainie

Leischner and Aaron Leischner, by their mother and next friend, Jeryl Leischner, Plaintiffs- Appellants, v. DANIEL'S RESTAURANT, INC., a corporation, Ace Liquor, Inc.,

a corporation and D. A.'s Liquor Ltd., a

corporation, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 14269.

Appellate Court of Illinois, Fourth District.

Nov. 23, 1977.

James Walker, Bloomington, for plaintiffs-appellants.

Brody, Gore & Fineberg, Ltd., Chicago, for Daniel's Restaurant; Larry R. Wikoff, Chicago, of counsel.

John P. Lynaugh, Springfield, for Ace Liquor.

Heyl, Royster, Voelker & Allen, Peoria, for D. A.'s Liquor; James E. Bowles, Peoria, of counsel.

GREEN, Presiding Justice:

The plaintiffs, Jeryl Leischner and her three minor children, brought an action under section 14 of the Dram Shop Act (Ill.Rev.Stat.1975, ch. 43, par. 135) against defendants, Daniel's Restaurant, Inc., Ace Liquor, Inc., and D.A.' § Liquor, Ltd. Plaintiffs alleged that defendants sold alcoholic liquor to Herman Leischner, thereby causing his intoxication, and that plaintiffs were injured as a result thereof. Prior to trial, the circuit court entered summary judgment against plaintiff Jeryl Leischner pursuant to its finding that she was guilty of complicity. The cause of the minor children was tried before a jury which returned a verdict for defendants.

All plaintiffs appeal. Jeryl Leischner contends that complicity is a judicially created defense which is repugnant to the legislative purpose of the Dram Shop Act and asks that we refute the appellate court cases which have established the defense. She also maintains that, in any event, summary judgment was improper because a material question of fact was presented as to that issue. On behalf of her children, she maintains that on voir dire the court erred in prohibiting plaintiffs' attorney from asking prospective jurors whether they or any close relative or friend had ever worked for an insurance company or in the adjustment of claims.

Mrs. Leischner correctly points out that the Dram Shop Act does not specify any defenses. She also recognizes that a long line of appellate authority has established that one is guilty of complicity and cannot recover under the Dram Shop Act when he participates in or encourages the drinking activity of the tortfeasor. (Holcomb v. Hornback (1964), 51 Ill.App.2d 84, 200 N.E.2d 745; Osinger v. Christian (1963), 43 Ill.App.2d 480, 193 N.E.2d 872; James v. Wicker (1941), 309 Ill.App. 397, 33 N.E.2d 169.) The apparent source of this line of authority is the equitable doctrine which precludes a person from profiting from his own wrongful acts. (Holcomb.) The heart of her argument is that to prevent recovery by an injured party because of that party's fault is inconsistent with the policy of the act, expressed by the supreme court in Wessel v. Carmi Elks Home, Inc. (1973), 54 Ill.2d 127, 295 N.E.2d 718.

We recognize that to permit a wrongdoer to recover compensatory damages for injuries arising out of the wrongful act does not allow that person to profit by the wrongful act but merely permits that person to regain approximately the same economic position as he would have had if the injuries had never occurred. We note, however, that the Act has been amended many times since the complicity defense was first recognized in Hays v. Waite (1890) 36 Ill.App. 397. When a statute is amended after judicial opinions construing it have been published, the legislature is presumed to have acted with knowledge of those opinions (Waesch v. Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Ry. Co. (1962), 38 Ill.App.2d 56, 186 N.E.2d 369; Illinois Power Co. v. City of Jacksonville (1960), 18 Ill.2d 618, 165 N.E.2d 300). Here, the legislative silence upon the complicity defense has occurred with knowledge of its court created existence. We are free to disregard the rule barring recovery by a dram shop plaintiff for complicity because the supreme court has never spoken on that question. We choose, however, to follow the long standing precedent recognizing the defense.

The discovery depositions of plaintiff Jeryl Leischner and her husband, Herman Leischner, were before the court for the purposes of deciding the motion for summary judgment. The substance of the evidence revealed by these documents was as follows: At noon on Saturday, August 31, 1974, Herman went to a friend's house where he played cards and drank approximately five beers. At 5 p. m., he went to defendant D.A.'s Liquor where he consumed two or three more beers before joining plaintiff Jeryl, at home at about 6:30 p. m. While Jeryl prepared dinner, the couple shared the contents of one beer and made plans to go out drinking that evening.

At about 8:30 p. m., Herman and Jeryl proceeded to defendant Daniel's Restaurant where Herman drank approximately two beers and Jeryl consumed one mixed drink. Thereafter, the couple left Daniel's and proceeded to defendant Ace Liquor where Herman had one or two more beers and Jeryl drank one or two mixed drinks. As the couple left Ace Liquor, Herman was driving. As he turned out of the parking lot, the car skidded on the wet pavement and struck a pole on the side of the road, thereby injuring Jeryl.

Two tests have been used to establish the existence of complicity as a matter of law. Defendants place reliance upon the case of Holcomb in which the court measured complicity by the willing and voluntary participation of the plaintiff in the drinking activity which led to the intoxication of the tortfeasor. Jeryl cites another line of authority which adds the additional and stricter requirement that plaintiff's voluntary participation in the drinking activity be "material and substantial." (Chapman v. Powers (1975), 30 Ill.App.3d 44, 331 N.E.2d 593; Nelson v. Araiza (1976), 43 Ill.App.3d 685, 2 Ill.Dec. 230, 357 N.E.2d 207.) We find it unnecessary to decide which standard should be determinative. Even if the stricter standard, requiring material and substantial participation, is applied, the facts are clear that Jeryl was guilty of complicity as a matter of law in the present case. Jeryl voluntarily participated in the drinking activity of her husband to a material and substantial extent. As the court emphasized in Tezak v. Cooper (1960), 24 Ill.App.2d 356, 362, 164 N.E.2d 493, 496, " * * * if the evidence is not disputed and if all reasonable persons would conclude that plaintiff voluntarily participated in the drinking to a material and substantial degree, then such participation bars the plaintiff as a matter of law." (Accord, Nelson and Krepfl v. Burke (1974), 24 Ill.App.3d 173, 321 N.E.2d 30.) Summary judgments based upon the complicity defense have also been affirmed in Sapp v. Johnston (1973), 15 Ill.App.3d 119, 303...