LJR v. TT

• Decision Date: 14 September 1999
• Docket Number: No. 98-1522.,98-1522.
• Citation: 739 So.2d 1283
• Parties: L.J.R., Natural Father of L.J.R., II, Appellant, v. T.T., Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

739 So.2d 1283

L.J.R., Natural Father of L.J.R., II, Appellant, v. T.T., Appellee.

No. 98-1522.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, First District.

September 14, 1999.

Darla Jean Christopher, Brown & Christopher, Starke, for appellant.

Robert E. Boone, John S. Cooper, P.A., Starke, for appellee.

BENTON, J.

L.J.R., the natural father of L.J.R. II (the child), appeals the final judgment granting the petition for adoption by birthparent filed by T.T., the child's natural mother. The final judgment granting T.T.'s petition expressly terminates L.J.R.'s parental rights and declares T.T. the child's sole parent. We reverse.

The petition for adoption by birthparent alleged that the child was born out of wedlock on April 29, 1996, and that

a. The consent of the birth father should not be required because: the birth father has not provided the child with support in a repetitive and customary manner.

b. The consent of the birth father should be excused ... because of prolonged, unexplained absence, unavailability, incapacity, or another circumstance constituting unreasonable withholding of consent.

In prison in Massachusetts, L.J.R. responded to the petition, admitting paternity and denying that he had abandoned the child.

Adoption may be viewed as a means of creating "a legal relationship of parent and child between persons who were not so related by nature or law." In re Estate of Baxter, 827 P.2d 184, 187 (Okla.Ct.App.1992). It has been said that "if the natural relationship of parent and child [already] exists, there is no need for a legally created relationship." Leake v. Grissom, 614 P.2d 1107, 1109 (Okla.1980).

"[A]doption" has been defined by some courts as the establishment or creation of a legal relationship of parent and child between persons who were not so related by nature or law, whereupon the person adopted becomes the legal heir of his or her adopter, and the rights and duties of domestic relation with the adoptee's natural parents are terminated. It has been said that adoption is the legal equivalent of biological parenthood, so that a decree of adoption renders the adoptee, for all intents and purposes, the child of the adoptive parent.

Mitchell Waldman, 2 Am.Jur.2d Adoption § 1 (1994) (emphasis supplied and footnotes omitted). See also 2 C.J.S. Adoption of Persons § 2 (1972) ("The purpose of an adoption is to change the status of the child in relation to its adoptive parents, and to create a new status, a new relationship of parent and child, and to make the adopter as genuinely the parent of the child and the child as genuinely the offspring of the adopter as can be accomplished in law." (emphasis supplied and footnotes omitted)).

Florida does not, however, disqualify birth parents from adopting.¹ Among those whom section 63.042(2)(b), Florida Statutes (1997), names as persons who may adopt is an "unmarried adult, including the birth parent of the person to be adopted." The Legislature has determined that it might be in the best interests of a non-marital child to be adopted, for example, by a birth parent who returns after an absence or recovers from circumstances that earlier led to proceedings terminating parental rights, see In re T.G.T, 433 So.2d 11 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983); Green v. State, Dep't of Health and Rehabilitative Servs., 412 So.2d 413 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982), or by a birth parent and the birth parent's spouse. See Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 103 S.Ct. 2985, 77 L.Ed.2d 614 (1983); McDonald v. Hester, 115 Ga. App. 740, 155 S.E.2d 720 (1967). But the present case

is not a situation analogous to stepparent adoption, wherein a stepparent adopts his stepchild.... Nor is it like adoption of a child whose parents' rights have been terminated due to neglect or dependent status of the child. In those situations the child is not deprived of any rights or parental obligations, but, rather, the child is acquiring all the rights of which he or she was previously deprived. Therefore, the goals of the adoption laws are fulfilled, and a new legal family relationship is created which before did not exist....

In re Adoption of Kohorst, 75 Ohio App.3d 813, 600 N.E.2d 843, 848-49 (1992). By statute, a judgment of adoption "creates the relationship between the adopted person and the petitioner ... that would have existed if the adopted person were a blood descendant of the petitioner born within wedlock." § 63.172(1)(c), Fla.Stat. (1997). This provision "purports to endow adopted children with an altered status² as a result of the adoption, the objective being to add, or at least to substitute, a new legal relationship in place of the old one." Green v. Sollenberger, 338 Md. 118, 656 A.2d 773, 777 (1995). In the present case, however, scant or "no new rights or obligations attach as a result of the adoption." Id.

The principal effect of the final judgment of birthparent adoption now under review is to terminate the parental rights and obligations of the father, L.J.R. While proceedings to terminate parental rights are ordinarily instituted by the Department of Children and Family Services, the statute also authorizes any "person who has knowledge of the facts" to file a petition for termination of parental rights. § 39.461(1), Fla.Stat. (1997). That is how T.T. might have proceeded here.³ Granting her petition for adoption by birthparent

confer[red few or] no additional rights, privileges, or benefit upon the child[]. The termination of the legal relationship between the child[] and [his] natural and legal father would eliminate that inheritance and the responsibility of the father to support, maintain, and educate his minor child[] which he shares with the natural mother.

In re Adoption of Graham, 63 Ohio Misc. 22, 409 N.E.2d 1067, 1069 (Comm. Pleas 1980). Like the Supreme Court of Oklahoma, "we do not believe .... that the Legislature contemplated the use of adoption proceedings for the sole purpose of terminating parental rights; the Legislature provided a [separate] procedure for termination of parental rights...." Gilbertson v. Gilbertson, 498 P.2d 1381, 1384 (Okla.1972).

In Florida, moreover, the Legislature has specifically limited the ability to terminate the parental rights of only one parent. Under section 39.469(6), Florida Statutes (1997), the

parental rights of one parent may be severed without severing the parental rights of the other parent only under the following circumstances:

(a) If the child has only one surviving parent;

(b) If the identity of a prospective parent has been established as unknown after sworn testimony;

(c) If the parent whose rights are being terminated became a parent through a single-parent adoption;

(d) If the protection of the child demands termination of the rights of a single parent; or

(e) If the parent whose rights are being terminated meets the criteria specified in s. 39.464(1)(d).

While it terminated "[a]ll legal relations between the adoptee and the birth father," but not the birth mother, the trial court did not find that any of these statutory criteria⁴ had been met.

Proceedings to terminate parental rights under chapter 39 differ from adoption proceedings in other respects. "The court shall appoint a guardian ad litem to represent the child in any termination of parental rights proceedings...." § 39.465(2)(a), Fla.Stat. (1997). Concurring in Stefanos v. Rivera-Berrios, 673 So.2d 12, 14 (Fla. 1996), now Chief Justice Harding described other procedural protections that are part and parcel of statutory proceedings to terminate parental rights:

Parental rights can only be terminated under certain circumstances. See § 39.464, Fla.Stat. (1991) (grounds for termination of parental rights include voluntary relinquishment, abandonment, severe or continuing abuse or neglect, and egregious abuse). Certain procedural safeguards also apply to termination proceedings: Affected parties must be served notice and a copy of the petition for termination of parental rights. § 39.462(1), Fla.Stat. (1991). Parents have the right to have counsel present at each stage of the proceeding; the court appoints counsel for insolvent persons. § 39.465(1), Fla.Stat. (1991). An advisory hearing is held in order to inform the parties of their rights under section 39.465. § 39.466, Fla.Stat. (1991). The need for termination of parental rights must be established by clear and convincing evidence at an adjudicatory hearing. § 39.467(1), Fla.Stat. (1991). The judge must enter a written order explaining the relevant findings of fact and conclusions of law. § 39.467(7), Fla. Stat. (1991). Any party involved in the proceeding who is affected by the order of the court may appeal to the appropriate district court of appeal. § 39.473, Fla.Stat. (1991). Thus, Florida law does not take the termination of parental rights lightly and provides adequate due process safeguards.

T.T. offers no good reason why L.J.R. and the parties' child should be deprived of these statutory protections here. See generally Kingsley v. Kingsley, 623 So.2d 780 (Fla. 5th DCA 1993) (finding it error (which the majority deemed harmless on the facts) to try a termination of parental rights case together with an adoption case).

We hold that T.T. cannot circumvent statutory restrictions on terminating L.J.R.'s parental rights while retaining her own by petitioning for adoption as a single birth parent. Even in adoption proceedings where children gain adoptive parents and parental rights of natural parents are severed, moreover, our supreme court requires clear and convincing proof be adduced to "terminate a parent's right in a natural child." In re Adoption of Baby E.A.W., 658 So.2d 961, 967 (Fla.1995). Accord In re R.W., 495 So.2d 133, 135 (Fla. 1986). See also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982). See generally Padgett v. Department of Health and Rehabilitative Servs., 577 So.2d 565, 571 (Fla.1991). There is no indication that the trial court applied this heightened...