Mays v. State

• Decision Date: 08 October 2004
• Docket Number: No. 2D03-4475.,2D03-4475.
• Citation: Mays v. State, 887 So.2d 402 (Fla. App. 2004)
• Parties: Madison MAYS, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

887 So.2d 402

Madison MAYS, Appellant, v.STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 2D03-4475.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.

October 8, 2004.

James Marion Moorman, Public Defender, and Bruce P. Taylor, Assistant Public Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.

Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Chandra Waite Dasrat, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for Appellee.

WALLACE, Judge.

We affirm the final judgment withholding adjudication and placing Madison Mays on probation for possession of cocaine.We write to certify conflict with the decision of our sistercourt in Baez v. State,814 So.2d 1149(Fla. 4th DCA2002).At approximately 2:17 a.m. on April 19, 2003, Mays was walking southbound on a public street when a deputy in a police cruiser drove past him and pulled off to the side of the road without blocking his path.The deputy exited his cruiser, asked Mays how he was doing, and requested identification.Mays produced his driver's license, and the deputy retained the license while he ran a warrants check.When the warrants check revealed an outstanding warrant, the deputy arrested Mays and, pursuant to a search incident to the arrest, discovered cocaine on his person.

Mays entered a no contest plea to possession of cocaine while reserving the right to appeal the denial of his dispositive motion to suppress the cocaine.The trial court withheld adjudication and placed Mays on probation for eighteen months.

The issue reserved for appeal is whether the deputy's retention of Mays' driver's license in order to investigate further by running a check for outstanding warrants constituted an illegal detention that rendered unlawful the search subsequent to Mays' arrest.There is a distinction between an encounter that constitutes a seizure or stop of a person and a consensual encounter that does not intrude on any constitutionally protected interest.Popple v. State,626 So.2d 185, 186(Fla.1993).If the encounter constitutes a stop, then the police must have a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity for the encounter to be legal.Lightbourne v. State,438 So.2d 380, 387(Fla.1983)(citingTerry v. Ohio,392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889(1968)).However, a consensual encounter is per se legal.

"An officer may address questions to anyone on the street, and unless the officer attempts to prevent the citizen from exercising his right to walk away, such questioning will usually constitute a consensual encounter rather than a stop."State v. Mitchell,638 So.2d 1015, 1016(Fla. 2d DCA1994)(citingState v. Starke,574 So.2d 1214(Fla. 2d DCA1991), State v. Wilson,566 So.2d 585(Fla. 2d DCA1990), andState v. Simons,549 So.2d 785(Fla. 2d DCA1989)).In this case, the deputy did not block Mays' path, but he parked his vehicle on the side of the road.The deputy then casually asked Mays how he was doing and requested identification.These actions do not constitute a stop, but reflect the initiation of a consensual encounter.¹

Although the legality of the initial encounter is clear, there is some dispute among our sistercourts regarding whether, under these circumstances, the consensual encounter was transformed into an illegal stop prior to Mays' arrest and search incident to arrest.This court has repeatedly held that an encounter in which a police officer briefly retains a driver's license in order to run a warrants check constitutes a consensual encounter as opposed to a stop.SeeWatts v. State,788 So.2d 1040(Fla. 2d DCA2001)(en banc);Mitchell,638 So.2d 1015;McLane v. Rose,537 So.2d 652(Fla. 2d DCA1989).²However, in Baez,814 So.2d 1149, the Fourth District has come to a contrary conclusion.See alsoPerko v. State,874 So.2d 666(Fla. 4th DCA2004).

In Baez, a police officer approached a defendant who was sleeping in the front seat of a van parked in an industrial area.814 So.2d at 1150.The officer tapped on the van's window and, when the defendant responded, asked to see identification.The defendant exited the van and provided the officer with his driver's license.The officer then used the driver's license to run a warrants check, which revealed an outstanding arrest warrant.The officer arrested the defendant pursuant to the warrant, and a search of the defendant's van incident to arrest revealed cocaine.

The Fourth District held that the encounter was consensual until the police officer retained the defendant's driver's license in order to run the warrants check.Id. at 1152-53.The court concluded that a reasonable person would not have felt free to leave under the circumstances.Id. at 1153.Therefore, the consensual encounter was transformed into a stop; the stop was illegal because the police officer did not have a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to support it.

Since Baez was issued, the Fifth District has expressly disagreed with the Fourth District on the issue.SeeSmalls v. State,858 So.2d 1244(Fla. 5th DCA2003);Golphin v. State,838 So.2d 705(Fla. 5th DCA2003).The Fifth District concluded that "when a citizen voluntarily relinquishes possession of his property to police, reasonably implicit in such consent is that the police will retain the property for the period of time reasonably needed to accomplish the police purpose or until the consent is withdrawn, whichever first occurs."Golphin,838 So.2d at 707.As noted above, Baez is currently on review before the supreme court.State v. Baez,835 So.2d 269(Fla.2002).

We are compelled to uphold the denial of the motion to suppress because the entire encounter was a valid consensual encounter under Watts, Mitchell, and McLane.However, if the supreme court approves Baez, then the consensual encounter in this case could be viewed as one that was transformed into a stop that was illegal because it was done without a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.Despite the existence of a valid warrant for Mays'...