Mills v. Fox, 76C 32.

• Decision Date: 21 October 1976
• Docket Number: No. 76C 32.,76C 32.
• Citation: 421 F. Supp. 519
• Parties: Thelma MILLS, Plaintiff, v. Clare FOX, Individually and as Director of Haym Salomon Home for the Aged, et al., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of New York

421 F. Supp. 519

Thelma MILLS, Plaintiff, v. Clare FOX, Individually and as Director of Haym Salomon Home for the Aged, et al., Defendants.

No. 76C 32.

United States District Court, E. D. New York.

October 21, 1976.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

Joan E. Goldberg, New York City, for plaintiff.

Sabin, Bermant & Blau, New York City, for Clare Fox and Joseph Salzman.

Richard L. Dorn, Sipser Weinstock Harper & Dorn, New York City, for Leon Davis and Larry Baker.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

PLATT, District Judge.

This case was brought by Thelma Mills against various defendants charging discrimination in the termination from her job at the Haym Salomon Home for the Aged under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended (42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq.), and under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violation of her civil rights.

Defendants Clare Fox, Joseph Salzman and the Haym Salomon Home for the Aged move to dismiss under FRCP 12(b)(1) on the grounds that Haym Salomon Home for the Aged ("Home")¹ is exempt from Title VII in that it is not an employer as defined in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b).

Further, defendants Leon Davis, Larry Baker and District 1199 National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees ("Union") move to dismiss under FRCP 12(b)(1) on the grounds that as to Davis and Baker, individual officers and agents of a union may not be sued under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, and because the plaintiff failed to file a charge against Davis and Baker with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"). The Union moves to dismiss on grounds that the plaintiff has failed to exhaust her administrative remedies.

The Union also moves to dismiss under FRCP 12(b)(6) on the grounds that the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted because the complaint fails to allege any discriminatory conduct by the Union, and because the plaintiff has failed to exhaust her internal Union remedies.

In the alternative, defendants move to strike paragraphs numbered 2 and 3 of the complaint under FRCP 12(f) on the grounds that punitive damages and attorneys' fees are not authorized in an action founded on 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e or 1983.

We turn first to a problem not raised by defendants' motions but which was argued by the parties in their briefs. For an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 there must be jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1343 which requires that the acts complained of were done "under color of state law." There is no such allegation in plaintiff's complaint. Plaintiff does assert in her memorandum in opposition to the motion that the Home is "a recipient of state benefits in terms of tax exemptions, financial assistance and is dependent on assistance of the state and federal government to the extent that it could not in all probability operate without them . . . and is subject to extensive and pervasive state regulation . . ."

The Supreme Court has discussed the problem of state action in a long line of cases. District of Columbia v. Carter, 409 U.S. 418, 93 S.Ct. 602, 34 L.Ed.2d 613 (1973); Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163, 92 S.Ct. 1965, 32 L.Ed.2d 627 (1972); Evans v. Abney, 396 U.S. 435, 90 S.Ct. 628, 24 L.Ed.2d 634 (1970); Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 U.S. 715, 81 S.Ct. 856, 6 L.Ed.2d 45 (1961). In Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 95 S.Ct. 449, 42 L.Ed.2d 477 (1974), the Court decided that a public utility was not acting for the State as follows, 419 U.S. at 358, 95 S.Ct. at 457:

". . . In common with all corporations of the State it pays taxes to the State, and it is subject to a form of extensive regulation by the State in a way that most other business enterprises are not. . . .

* * * * * *

". . . Under our decision this is not sufficient to connect the State of Pennsylvania with respondent's action so as to make the latter's conduct attributable to the State for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment."

If anything, there is even less reason to find state action by a nursing home than by a public utility. Therefore plaintiff's action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is dismissed.

The next and most difficult of defendants' contentions is that the Home is exempt from coverage under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e because the Home is not an employer as defined in § 2000e(b). The defendants claim that they fit within the section of § 2000e(b) that says an employer shall not include "a bona fide private membership club (other than a labor organization) which is exempt from taxation under section 501(c) of Title 26 . . ." There is no dispute that the Home is exempt from taxation under 26 U.S.C. § 501(c), and so the sole question is whether the Home is a "bona fide private membership club."

In support of the contention that the Home is such a club, defendants rely almost exclusively on the case of Barrister v. Stineberg, 1 Employment Practices Decisions ¶ 9806 (S.D.N.Y.1967). In that case Judge Bonsal held that the Mount Sinai Hospital was exempt from coverage under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. The Court's sole discussion of why the hospital was exempt is as follows:

"Insofar as the 1964 Act is concerned, the hospital as a private membership corporation exempt from federal taxation is not an `employer' subject to the provisions of the Act relating to employment practices. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b)."

Unfortunately the Court does not discuss why the Mount Sinai Hospital is a "bona fide private membership club." This problem is particularly troublesome in view of United States v. Medical Society of South Carolina, 298 F.Supp. 145 (D.S.C.1969). In that case the Court held that the Roper Hospital of Charleston, South Carolina, was an employer under § 2000e. The Court's discussion of why the hospital was not exempt is as follows (298 F.Supp. at p. 152):

"Since Roper Hospital has approximately 523 employees, it is an employer within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b)."

In neither case cited above does the Court state what attributes of the hospital included or excluded it from the definition of a "bona fide private membership club." Thus they are of little help in determining whether the nursing home in question here is such a club. Furthermore there appear to be no other cases defining that term as used in § 2000e(b).

However, as the plaintiff points out, there are a number of cases interpreting a similar term in an earlier section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 42 U.S.C. § 2000a(e), in a section prohibiting discrimination in places of public accommodation, an exemption is granted to "a private club or other establishment not in fact open to the public . . ." A number of courts have interpreted this section, but defendants contend that since the wording of § 2000a(e) is not identical to the wording of § 2000e(b), Congress intended two different meanings for the two sections. However, in both sections the words "private" and "club" are used and the proximity of these sections in the same Act indicates that Congress probably intended to exempt the same "private clubs" under § 2000a(e) as it did under § 2000e(b).

Under 42 U.S.C. § 2000a(e) the Court in Cornelius v. Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, 382 F.Supp. 1182, 1203 (D.Conn.1974), provided a summary of the factors determining whether an organization is or is not a private club:

"The remaining question is whether the Groton Elks is a `private club' within the meaning of the exemption to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The case law reveals that a number of factors govern whether an organization is a `private club.' The most important include: (a) the selectiveness of the group in the admission of members, Tillman v. Wheaton-Haven Recreation Ass'n, 410 U.S. 431, 93 S.Ct. 1090, 35 L.Ed.2d 403 (1973); Nesmith v. Y.M.C.A., 397 F.2d 96 (4th Cir. 1968); (b) the existence of formal membership procedures, United States v. Jack Sabin's Private Club, 265 F.Supp. 90 (E.D.La. 1967); Stout v. Y.M.C.A., 404 F.2d 687 (5th Cir. 1968); (c) the degree of membership control over internal governance, particularly with regard to new members, Daniel v. Paul, 395 U.S. 298, 89 S.Ct. 1697, 23 L.Ed.2d 318 (1969); United States v. Jordan, 302 F.Supp. 370 (E.D. La.1969); (d) the history of the organization, e. g., was it created or did it make insubstantial changes in its prior operation in order to avoid the impact of civil rights legislation?, Jordan, supra; (e) the use of club facilities by non-members, Williams v. Rescue Fire Co., 254 F.Supp. 556 (D.Md.1966), Jack Sabin's Private Club, supra; (f) the substantiality of dues, Jordan, supra; (g) whether the organization advertises, Daniel, supra, Jordan, supra; (h) the predominance of profit motive, Williams, supra. See generally, Jordan, supra, 302 F.Supp. at 375-376."

It would seem that the Home would fail almost all these tests in that a nursing home providing services to the aged for a price would not be a private "club" in any usual sense of the word.

Furthermore, the courts have repeatedly stated that "Titles II and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000a et seq., and 2000e et seq., are to be accorded a liberal construction in order to carry out the purpose of Congress to eliminate the inconvenience, unfairness, and humiliation of racial discrimination." United States v. Medical Society of South Carolina, supra, at p. 151; Hamm v. City of Rock Hill, 379 U.S. 306, 85 S.Ct. 384, 13 L.Ed.2d 300 (1964); Nesmith v. Young Men's Christian Association of Raleigh, N.C., 397 F.2d 96 (4th Cir. 1968); Miller v. Amusement Enterprises, Inc., 394 F.2d 342 (5th Cir. 1968).

Therefore, construing the Act liberally and considering that the Home does not resemble a private club, this Court holds that the Home is not exempt from coverage under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b), and so defendants' motion to dismiss under FRCP 12(b)(1) must be denied.

Next, the Union moves to dismiss under FRCP 12(b)(1) as against the defendants Davis and Baker on the grounds that individual officers and agents of a union cannot be sued under § 2000e. We do not...