Mullinax v. State

• Decision Date: 21 January 1997
• Docket Number: No. CR,CR
• Citation: 327 Ark. 41,938 S.W.2d 801
• Parties: Bobby Joe MULLINAX, Appellant, v. STATE of Arkansas, Appellee. 96-571.
• Court: Arkansas Supreme Court

Page 801

938 S.W.2d 801

327 Ark. 41

Bobby Joe MULLINAX, Appellant, v. STATE of Arkansas, Appellee.

No. CR 96-571.

Supreme Court of Arkansas.

Jan. 21, 1997.

Doug Norwood, Rogers, for Appellant.

Winston Bryant, Attorney General, J. Brent Standridge, Assistant Attorney General, Little Rock, for Appellee.

CORBIN, Justice.

Appellant Bobby Joe Mullinax was found guilty in Springdale Municipal Court of driving while intoxicated; he was fined $300.00, ordered to pay court costs of $335.25, sentenced to one day in jail, had his driver's license suspended for ninety days, and was ordered to complete an alcohol safety program at the Ozark Guidance Center. He appealed to Washington County Circuit Court and moved to suppress the evidence gathered against him on the basis that it was obtained at an unconstitutional roadblock. After conducting a hearing on Appellant's motion to suppress, the circuit court denied the motion; Appellant then entered a conditional plea of guilty, with the State's consent, in accordance with A.R.Cr.P. Rule 24.3(b). The circuit court entered a written amended judgment indicating that the entry of Appellant's plea of guilty was conditioned on his right to appeal the suppression issue and sentencing Appellant to pay the Springdale Municipal Court a fine of $250.00 and court costs of $335.25. The amended judgment also ordered Appellant to pay court costs of $67.75 to the Washington County Sheriff, suspended his driving privileges for ninety days, ordered him to comply with the recommendation made by the Ozark Guidance Center, and sentenced him to one day in jail.

The Arkansas Court of Appeals heard Appellant's appeal of the suppression issue and affirmed the circuit court. Mullinax v. State, 53 Ark.App. 176, 920 S.W.2d 503 (1996). We granted Appellant's petition for review of that decision. When this court grants a petition for review following a decision by the court of appeals, we review the case as though the appeal was originally filed with this court. Allen v. State, 326 Ark. 541, 932 S.W.2d 764 (1996); Armer v. State, 326 Ark. 7, 929 S.W.2d 705 (1996). Upon such review, we find no error in the circuit court's denial of Appellant's motion to suppress and affirm the judgment.

On appeal, Appellant contends the roadblock was unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 2, Section 15 of the Arkansas Constitution of 1874. The trial court ruled the roadblock was constitutional because there was no profiling of vehicles, rather every vehicle was stopped and every fifth vehicle was detained for a more detailed check not lasting more than two minutes. Upon review of a trial court's denial of a motion to suppress, we make an independent determination based upon the totality of the circumstances; we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the appellee, and we reverse the trial court's ruling only if it is clearly erroneous or against the preponderance of the evidence. Norman v. State, 326 Ark. 210, 931 S.W.2d 96 (1996).

For the sake of convenience, we recite the evidence as it was accurately reported by the court of appeals:

The appellant was stopped at a roadblock on August 11, 1994, conducted by Springdale Police Officers Mike Bell and Mike Peters. Lieutenant John Lewis, supervisor and shift commander in charge at the time, authorized the roadblock, approved the site, and gave Officer Bell instructions on how to proceed. Lieutenant Lewis testified that he had previously participated in numerous roadblocks. He testified that he instructed the officers not to profile certain cars or certain people, and not to stop the cars at random. He testified that the officers had a set procedure on how they were going to conduct the roadblock and that he confirmed the plan.

The roadblock was set up in a road construction area near a junior high school where traffic was restricted to two lanes and the speed limit was reduced to thirty miles an hour. There had been reports of reckless driving and speeding in that area. Officer Bell testified that there were barrels guiding the traffic through the particular area and that they adjusted the barrels and their vehicles to facilitate the traffic flow. He testified that drivers had to negotiate the barrels before they set up the roadblock and that their presence increased visibility to the area. The officers carried flashlights and wore bright orange reflective safety vests with the word "POLICE" on them in large letters. The blue lights and headlights were activated on the two police vehicles utilized in conducting the roadblock.

Officer Bell testified that the purpose of the roadblock was to check the sobriety of the drivers and to check for valid vehicle registration, driver's licenses, and insurance. He further stated that the purpose of the roadblock was discussed with Lieutenant Lewis. Every vehicle approaching the roadblock was stopped for a period of no more than thirty seconds, and every fifth vehicle was stopped for a more detailed check that lasted less than two minutes. Officer Bell testified that they explained to every vehicle what they were doing and asked every fifth driver for his driver's license, registration, and insurance. The officers called in the driver's license numbers and the radio operator informed them if the licenses were valid and if there were any outstanding warrants. The radio dispatch logs indicated that the officers called in to check eighteen drivers' licenses during the roadblock, which lasted for approximately one hour.

Officer Bell testified that he noticed the odor of intoxicants coming from the appellant's vehicle and on the appellant's breath when he stopped at the roadblock. He further testified that he saw a plastic cup in the console of the vehicle containing some ice and liquid. He stated that the appellant's vehicle was not one of the fifth vehicles but that the appellant was detained for a further check because it appeared that he had been drinking.

Mullinax, 53 Ark.App. at 178-79, 920 S.W.2d at 504-05.

It is well settled that a Fourth Amendment seizure occurs when a vehicle is stopped at a roadblock or checkpoint. Michigan Dep't of State Police v. Sitz, 496 U.S. 444, 110 S.Ct. 2481, 110 L.Ed.2d 412 (1990) (citing United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543, 96 S.Ct. 3074, 49 L.Ed.2d 1116 (1976)). According to Sitz, "[t]he question thus becomes whether such seizures are 'reasonable' under the Fourth Amendment." Id. at 450, 110 S.Ct. at 2485. It is also well-settled that the permissibility of vehicle stops made on less than reasonable suspicion of criminal activity is to be judged according to the three-pronged balancing tests of Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543, 96 S.Ct. 3074, 49 L.Ed.2d 1116, and Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 99 S.Ct. 2637, 61 L.Ed.2d 357 (1979). Sitz, 496 U.S. at 450, 110 S.Ct. at 2485. The Supreme Court enunciated the test in Brown as follows: "Consideration of the constitutionality of such seizures involves a weighing of the gravity of the public concerns served by the seizure, the degree to which the seizure advances the public interest, and the severity of the interference with individual liberty." Id. at 50-51, 99 S.Ct. at 2640.

The three factors to be weighed in this case are the State's interest in preventing accidents caused by drunk drivers, the degree to which the State's seizure or roadblock advances its interest, and the level of intrusion on Appellant's individual privacy that is caused by the roadblock. First, there is no doubt as to the magnitude of the State's interest in eradicating drunk driving. Sitz, 496 U.S. at 451, 110 S.Ct. at 2485-86. Additionally, this court has previously indicated that the purposes of checking drivers' and vehicle licenses are permissible purposes for a roadblock, Stobaugh v. State, 298 Ark. 577, 769 S.W.2d 26 (1989), and the court of appeals has upheld the constitutionality of roadblocks held for the same purposes, Camp v. State, 26 Ark.App. 299, 764 S.W.2d 463 (1989). Second, the level of the intrusion on the motorist is slight. Each motorist was stopped for anywhere from thirty seconds to no more than two minutes. The blue lights of the police vehicles and the orange vests worn by the officers offered indicia of governmental authority and made the roadblock clearly visible. The roadblock was held in a well-traveled area near a junior high school. Therefore, there was no "fear and surprise" to law-abiding motorists. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. at 558, 96 S.Ct. at 3083. Third, the degree to which the roadblock advanced the state's interest is sufficient. The officers did not make random stops with unfettered discretion, but held a fixed roadblock, in an area where travel was already limited to thirty miles per hour, that was authorized by the shift commander and followed the guidelines of stopping every car and then inquiring further of every fifth car as to the driver's license and registration. Of the eighteen drivers' licenses that were checked, one arrest was made. Although a searching examination of effectiveness is not required, this rate of effectiveness is sufficient. See Sitz, 496 U.S. at 454-55, 110 S.Ct. at 2487-88. Accordingly, we conclude that the roadblock was a reasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment and that the trial court did not err in refusing to suppress the evidence obtained against Appellant at the roadblock.

Article 2, Section 15 of the Arkansas Constitution is virtually identical to the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. We thus interpret Article 2, Section 15 in the same manner as the United States Supreme Court interprets the Fourth Amendment, Stout v. State, 320 Ark. 552, 898 S.W.2d 457 (1995). Therefore, under the foregoing analysis used to determine this seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, we also conclude that the seizure was reasonable under Article 2, Section 15 of the Arkansas Constitution.

Appellant offers some...