People v. Allison

• Decision Date: 22 March 1967
• Docket Number: Cr. 5590
• Citation: 57 Cal.Rptr. 635,249 Cal.App.2d 653
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. James Michael ALLISON, Defendant and Respondent.

Page 635

57 Cal.Rptr. 635

249 Cal.App.2d 653

PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. James Michael ALLISON, Defendant and Respondent.

Cr. 5590.

Court of Appeal, First District, Division 2, California.

March 22, 1967.

Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen. of California, Albert W. Harris, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Horace Wheatley, Deputy Atty. Gen., San Francisco, for appellant.

Sam L. Foster, Monterey, for respondent.

BRAY, Associate Justice. ^*

The People appeal from order of the Monterey County Superior Court granting defendant's motion to dismiss information.

QUESTIONS PRESENTED

Sufficiency of evidence to show probable cause of guilt.

Was there an illegal search and seizure and were defendant's statements obtained in violation of his constitutional rights?

RECORD

Defendant was charged in an information with violation of section 496, Penal Code, receiving stolen property (an automobile tire). He moved under section 995, Penal Code, to dismiss the information on the ground that the evidence at the preliminary examination was not sufficient to show probable cause of guilt and to hold him over for trial in the superior court. That court granted the motion.

EVIDENCE AT THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

At approximately 7:30 p.m., William and Emma Nelson drove into a parking lot across the street from the Steinbeck Theater in Monterey. As they did so, they saw a man who had been standing near a blue Volkswagen move off in a suspicious manner and walk down the railroad tracks. When the Nelsons crossed the street toward the theater, the man returned to the Volkswagen, lifted the hood, removed a tire and ran off down the tracks again. The Nelsons immediately entered the theater and telephoned the police.

At 7:58 p.m., the call from the Nelsons was relayed to Officer Gregorio of the Monterey Police Department. He immediately proceeded to the Steinbeck Theater.

The Nelsons' call had also been relayed to Officer Maudlin of the Pacific Grove Police Department. Maudlin, who had been instructed to check the railroad tracks for a suspect carrying a tire, proceeded to Ocean View Boulevard and First Street, where he saw three men standing around a green Volkswagen. One of the men was defendant Allison and another was a man by the name of Fontana. The trunk and one door of the car were open. Maudlin approached the man and detained them for investigation in connection with the tire theft.

While Officer Gregorio was on his way to the Steinbeck Theater, he received a report that the Pacific Grove Police had Upon looking through the window of the green Volkswagen, Officer Gregorio saw a new tire behind the driver's seat. Since defendant was the owner of the car, Gregorio asked him to whom the tire belonged. Defendant replied that it was his tire. Gregorio then removed the tire from the car and confiscated it, informing defendant that it had been stolen by his friend. Gregorio did not recall having asked for defendant's consent before he removed the tire from the car. Gregorio had not placed defendant under arrest, but admitted that he was suspicious of him because he was in the company of the man who had been identified as the tire thief. After removing the tire from defendant's car, Gregorio asked defendant to follow him to the Steinbeck Theater in his own car. Gregorio admitted that at the time he made this request, his investigation had focused upon defendant as well as on Fontana and that he suspected the defendant was involved but was not 'dead sure' that he was guilty of knowingly possessing the stolen tire.

stopped a vehicle and were holding it for investigation in connection with the tire theft. Gregorio picked up the Nelsons and drove them to the location of the green Volkswagen. Both Nelsons identified Fontana as the man who had removed the tire from the trunk of the Volkswagen parked near the Steinbeck Theater. William Nelson then placed Fontana under citizen's arrest.

After returning to the Steinbeck Theater, Gregorio met with the owner of the blue Volkswagen, who identified the tire found in defendant's car as his property. Gregorio did not arrest defendant at the Steinbeck Theater but asked him to drive to the Monterey Police Station in his own car. When defendant was questioned at the police station, he insisted that the tire was his and that he had purchased it in Los Angeles but was unable to produce a receipt. He was then placed under arrest by Gregorio. Gregorio admitted that he had at no time advised defendant of his constitutional rights.

SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

Defendant contends that his statements to the police were inadmissible as in violation of Escobedo v. State of Illinois (1964) 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758, 12 L.Ed.2d 977; People v. Dorado (1965) 62 Cal.2d 338, 42 Cal.Rptr. 169, 398 P.2d 361; and Miranda v. State of Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, ¹ and that seizing of the tire by the police constituted an illegal search and seizure. ² Defendant further contends that without this evidence, there was no reasonable or probable cause to hold him to answer. It is settled that "Reasonable or probable cause' means such a state of facts as would lead a man of ordinary caution or prudence to believe, and conscientiously entertain a strong suspicion of the guilt of the accused.' (People v. Nagle (1944) 25 Cal.2d 216, 222, 153 P.2d 344, 347; to the same effect, see Rogers v. Superior Court (1955) 46 Cal.2d 3, 7--8, 291 P.2d 929; Robison v. Superior Court (1957) 49 Cal.2d 186, 188, 316 P.2d 1; Perry v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 276, 283, 19 Cal.Rptr. 1, 368 P.2d 529.) It is also settled that the proof which will authorize a magistrate to hold a defendant for trial must consist of legal, competent evidence (Rogers v. Superior Court, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 8, 291 P.2d 929), and that if his commitment is based entirely on incompetent evidence, the trial court should set aside the information uner section 995 of the Penal Code (Priestly v. Superior Court (1958) 50 Cal.2d 812, 815, 330 P.2d 39).

EVIDENCE SUFFICIENT

The trial court properly held that the evidence taken from defendant's car (the tire) was not the product of an illegal search and seizure. The tire was not the product of a 'search' at all as it was plainly visible to the officers through the car window and open door, and was in a position where spare tires are not ordinarily kept. Moreover, at the time the tire was seized, Officer Gregorio had ample reason to believe that defendant had knowingly received stolen property in violation of section 496. Fontana had already been identified by two eyewitnesses as the man who had removed the tire from the Volkswagen, after behaving in a furtive manner, and who had then run off with the tire. He was apprehended near the open door of defendant's Volkswagen and a new automobile tire was in plain view behind the driver's seat. This evidence was sufficient to justify Gregorio in considering that this was the tire stolen by Fontana. When Gregorio then asked defendant, who was apparently the owner of the car, to whom the tire belonged, and he replied that it was his, Gregorio was justified in concluding, under the circumstances, that this answer was untrue and that defendant's motive for giving a false answer lay in his knowledge that the tire had been stolen. Since Gregorio thus had reason to believe that defendant was guilty of violating ...