People v. Boettcher
Decision Date | 17 February 1987 |
Citation | 69 N.Y.2d 174,505 N.E.2d 594,513 N.Y.S.2d 83 |
Parties | , 505 N.E.2d 594 The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Ludwig BOETTCHER, Appellant. |
Court | New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals |
The issue presented on this appeal is the nature of the transition instruction, which guides the jury in its consideration of lesser included offenses, to which a defendant is entitled upon request.
At the defendant's trial on an indictment charging him with operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated as a felony in violation of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1192(3) and (5), the People demonstrated that a police officer assigned to a special "Stop DWI" program saw the defendant driving a vehicle leaving a "park and ride" area adjacent to an exit of the Long Island Expressway shortly after 5:00 A.M. on a Saturday morning. The officer saw the car make a wide right turn into the left traffic lane of the service road, and later cross the center dividing line. Upon reaching a stop sign, the car halted for 30 seconds, though there was no other traffic in the vicinity. After making a right turn at the stop sign and then proceeding, the defendant's car again crossed the center line twice.
The officer stopped the car. The defendant, in response to a request for his license and registration, produced only a registration. The officer observed that his breath smelled of alcohol, his eyes were bloodshot and watery and his speech slightly slurred. Upon alighting from his vehicle, the defendant was unsteady on his feet and swayed back and forth. The officer concluded that the defendant was intoxicated, placed him under arrest and advised him of his rights regarding the taking of a chemical test to determine blood alcohol level, which the defendant refused.
The defendant was taken to the "Stop DWI" trailer and logged in by the desk sergeant, who also concluded, based on his own observations, that the defendant was intoxicated. The arresting officer readvised the defendant of his rights regarding the chemical test, and the defendant again refused.
The defendant presented evidence that his only consumption of alcohol that morning was two drinks between 1 and 2 o'clock, which evidence, it is not disputed, entitled him to an instruction on the lesser included offense of operating a motor vehicle while his ability was impaired by the consumption of alcohol (Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1192[1] ). Defense counsel requested an instruction that the jury could consider the lesser included offense not only if it found the defendant not guilty of the greater, but also if it could "not reach" or was "unable" to reach a verdict on the greater offense. The court denied the request, defense counsel excepted, and the court delivered the following charge:
At the conclusion of the charge, defense counsel excepted "to the instruction including the lesser included offense", but the court declined to amend its instructions. The jury found the defendant guilty of the greater offense of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol as a felony, and the court imposed sentence. The defendant appealed to the Appellate Division, claiming the trial court's instructions to the jury in conjunction with its submission of the lesser included offense was erroneous. 1 That court rejected his contention and affirmed the judgment, and the defendant again appeals pursuant to leave granted by a Judge of this court.
Initially, we reject the People's contention that we should not reach the alleged error in the instruction regarding the jury's consideration of the lesser included offense because the jury found the defendant guilty of the greater, and thus had no occasion to consider the lesser, offense. Although, as we have noted, a "court should avoid doing anything * * * that would constitute an invitation to the jury to foreswear its duty and return a compromise or otherwise unwarranted verdict" (People v. Mussenden, 308 N.Y. 558, 563, 127 N.E.2d 551), we have recognized, as a practical matter, that the availability of a lesser included offense may affect a jury's deliberations. Thus, where a court charges the next lesser included offense of the crime alleged in the indictment, but refuses to charge lesser degrees than that, we have noted that the defendant's conviction of the crime alleged in the indictment forecloses a challenge to the court's refusal to charge the remote lesser included offenses. For example, in People v. Richette, 33 N.Y.2d 42, 45-46, 349 N.Y.S.2d 65, 303 N.E.2d 857, where the indictment charged grand larceny in the second degree, of which the defendant was ultimately convicted, and the court charged grand larceny in the third degree as a lesser included offense, but denied a defense request to charge petit larceny as a further lesser included offense, we noted:
In the present case, by analogy, although the issue is not the court's refusal to submit a lesser included crime for the jury's consideration but the nature in which such crime was presented, it appears that the jury's finding the defendant guilty of the immediately higher crime could have been influenced by the transition instruction of which the defendant now complains, which would not be true had his complaint been about the way in which a more remote degree of crime were presented to the jury.
Having rejected the People's claim, we now turn to the defendant's.
In People v. Willson, 109 N.Y. 345, 357, 16 N.E. 540, this court stated the rule regarding when a jury may consider a lesser included offense:
The present statute, CPL 300.50(4) provides: Unlike its predecessor, CPL 300.50(4) does not directly address the pivotal problem in ...
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