People v. Elkins

• Decision Date: 22 December 1992
• Docket Number: No. BR31650,BR31650
• Citation: 12 Cal.App.4th Supp. 1,16 Cal.Rptr.2d 504
• Court: California Superior Court
• Parties: 12 Cal.App.4th Supp. 1 The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. William Bryan ELKINS, Defendant and Appellant. Crim. A. Appellate Department, Superior Court, Los Angeles County, California

Page 504

16 Cal.Rptr.2d 504

12 Cal.App.4th Supp. 1

The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. William Bryan ELKINS, Defendant and Appellant.

Crim. A. No. BR31650.

Appellate Department, Superior Court, Los Angeles County, California.

Dec. 22, 1992.

Joseph W. Fletcher, City Atty., and James G. Root, Deputy City Atty., for plaintiff and respondent.

William Bryan Elkins, in pro. per.

KRIEGER, Judge.

Appellant, William Bryan Elkins, appeals from the judgment of conviction of violating VEHICLE CODE SECTION 27803¹, subdivision (b) (failure to wear a safety helmet meeting certain requirements, while riding a motorcycle). Appellant raises numerous constitutional challenges to the validity of section 27803, subdivision (b).

This appeal is on a clerk's transcript and there is no settled statement. Therefore, we briefly set forth the facts which appear on the citation given to appellant. The citation was for driving a motorcycle without an approved helmet in violation of section 27803, subdivision (b). The offense occurred on January 15, 1992, while appellant was driving at approximately 10 miles per hour in heavy traffic.

As noted, this appeal is taken on a clerk's transcript. Appellant has not included either a reporter's transcript or a settled or agreed statement of the oral proceedings at trial. (Cal.Rules of Court, rules 124, 127.) Appellant's statements in his brief on appeal of what occurred at trial cannot be considered by us, as these facts are outside the record on appeal. (People v. Young (1978) 85 Cal.App.3d 594, 608, 149 Cal.Rptr. 524.) Furthermore, exhibits may not be considered without a record of the testimony given at trial. (Estate of Miller (1966) 243 Cal.App.2d 352, 353-354, 52 Cal.Rptr. 242; Williams v. Inglewood Board of Realtors (1963) 219 Cal.App.2d 479, 481-482, 33 Cal.Rptr. 289.) On a clerk's transcript appeal, we must presume that the judgment is valid and that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the judgment. Our review is limited to whether the pleadings are sufficient and whether the statement of decision, if any, supports the judgment. Any reversible error must appear on the face of the record. (See 9 Witkin, Cal.Procedure (3d ed. 1985) Appeal, §§ 269, 453-454, pp. 277-279, 445-456, and cases discussed therein; Wheelright v. County of Marin (1970) 2 Cal.3d 448, 454, 85 Cal.Rptr. 809, 467 P.2d 537; Allen v. Toten (1985) 172 Cal.App.3d 1079, 1082-1083, 218 Cal.Rptr. 725.) Therefore, to the extent that appellant challenges his conviction based upon his purported hearing disability, there are no facts before this court to support that conclusion. However, the validity of a statute is a question which appears on the face of the record and which we may address.

The appellant's challenges to the validity of section 27803, subdivision (b) are that it violates due process and equal protection as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ²; that the law is vague, indefinite and ambiguous; that there is no "rational purpose" to the law; and that it violates the rights reserved by the people in the Ninth Amendment.

Division 12, chapter 5, article 7 of the Vehicle Code sets forth certain provisions pertaining to motorcycles. Section 27803, subdivision (b) reads: "(b) It is unlawful to operate a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or motorized bicycle if the driver or any passenger is not wearing a safety helmet as required by subdivision (a)." Subdivision (a) of section 27803 requires that "A driver and any passenger shall wear a safety helmet meeting requirements established pursuant to Section 27802 when riding on a motorcycle ...." Section 27802 authorizes the department to establish standards for safety helmets. Subdivision (f) of section 27803 provides: "In enacting this section, it is the intent of the Legislature to ensure that all persons are provided with an additional safety benefit while operating or riding a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or motorized bicycle."

In reviewing the validity of legislation such as this, our Supreme Court has set forth the appropriate test. " 'In passing upon [a substantive due process challenge to a legislative police power measure], we exercise an extraordinary power over a coordinate branch of government and perform a corresponding narrow function: we simply determine whether the statute reasonably relates to a legitimate governmental purpose.... " 'The doctrine ... that due process authorizes courts to hold laws unconstitutional when they believe the legislature has acted unwisely ... has long since been discarded ...'." '..."

"We reaffirmed this fundamental constitutional principle in our recent decision in Hale v. Morgan (1978) 22 Cal.3d 388, 398 [149 Cal.Rptr. 375, 584 P.2d 512], emphasizing that '[i]n the exercise of its police power a Legislature does not violate due process so long as an enactment is ... reasonably related to a proper legislative goal. The wisdom of the legislation is not at issue in analyzing its constitutionality, and neither the availability of less drastic remedial alternatives nor the legislative failure to resolve all related ills at once will invalidate a statute.' [Italics added.]" (Hernandez v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1981) 30 Cal.3d 70, 78, 177 Cal.Rptr. 566, 634 P.2d 917.) Under this standard we cannot say that the legislative determination that the mandatory helmet law will protect motorcyclist is not reasonable. Therefore, there is no due process violation.

Appellant argues that his right to choose to wear a helmet or not is a question of his freedom to determine his own degree of safety. This is apparently based upon reserved rights of the people under the Ninth Amendment. Such an argument was rejected with respect to the requirement of mandatory seatbelts in section 27315. (People v. Coyle (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d Supp. 1, 4, 251 Cal.Rptr. 80.) As the Michigan Court of Appeals stated in upholding a similar helmet law, "We are not persuaded that the 'right to be let alone', at least in this case, or the fact that the legislation tends to protect particular individuals from their own folly warrants the conclusion that the measure is not a valid exercise of the police power. Nor can we say that a measure which seeks to protect a large number of individuals does not advance the health, safety or general welfare of the public in general." (People of City of Adrian v. Poucher (1976), 67 Mich.App. 133, 240 N.W.2d 298, 300, aff'd. (1976) 398 Mich. 316, 247 N.W.2d 798.) ³

Appellant next challenges the mandatory helmet law on equal protection grounds. This challenge must fail also. As pointed out above, our Supreme Court has stated that the failure of the Legislature to correct all related problems at once does not invalidate a statute. (Hernandez v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 30 Cal.3d 70, 177 Cal.Rptr. 566, 634 P.2d 917.) "When a legislative classification is questioned, if any state of facts reasonably can be conceived that would sustain it, there is a presumption of existence of that state of facts, and the burden of...