People v. Johnson

• Decision Date: 15 February 1996
• Citation: 923 P.2d 342
• Docket Number: 93CA1361
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Cordell R. JOHNSON, Defendant-Appellant. . III
• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals

Page 342

923 P.2d 342

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.Cordell R. JOHNSON, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 93CA1361.

Colorado Court of Appeals Div. III.

Feb. 15, 1996.

Rehearing Denied March 28, 1996.

Certiorari Denied Sept. 23, 1996.

Gale A. Norton, Attorney General, Stephen K. ErkenBrack, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Timothy M. Tymkovich, Solicitor General, Eric V. Field, Special Assistant Attorney General, Denver, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

David F. Vela, Colorado State Public Defender, Martin Gerra, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, for Defendant-Appellant.

Opinion by Judge JONES.

Defendant, Cordell Rufus Johnson, appeals the denial of his Crim P. 35(c) motion attacking his 1990 conviction for first degree assault.We affirm.

I.

Defendant contends that the first degree assault statute, § 18-3-202(1)(c), C.R.S. (1986 Repl.Vol. 8B), violates his right to equal protection of the law because it is not sufficiently distinguishable from the second degree assault statute, Colo. Sess. Laws 1971, ch. 121, § 40-3-203 at 420, that was applicable at the time of the offense at issue.We disagree.

The constitutional guarantee of equal protection of the law assures that those who are similarly situated are afforded similar treatment.People v. Nguyen, 900 P.2d 37(Colo.1995);People v. Mozee, 723 P.2d 117(Colo.1986).

Statutes which impose different penalties for what ostensibly might be different conduct, but offer no intelligible standard for distinguishing the proscribed conduct, violate equal protection.People v. Marcy, 628 P.2d 69(Colo.1981).

While the guarantee of equal protection of the law requires statutory classifications of criminal behavior to be based on differences that are real in fact and reasonably related to the general purposes of criminal legislation, the General Assembly may prescribe more severe penalties for conduct it perceives to have more severe consequences, even if the differences are only a matter of degree.People v. Jefferson, 748 P.2d 1223(Colo.1988).

In order to withstand an equal protection challenge, a statutory classification must turn on reasonably intelligible standards and be sufficiently coherent and discrete so that persons of average intelligence could reasonably distinguish the conduct proscribed by different statutes.People v. Marcy, supra.Furthermore, harsher penalties for crimes committed under different circumstances and in violation of different statutes do not violate equal protection guarantees if the classification is rationally based upon the variety of evils proscribed.People v. Montoya, 196 Colo. 111, 582 P.2d 673(1978).

Finally, a statute is presumed to be constitutional and a defendant challenging a statute must prove unconstitutionality beyond a reasonable doubt.People v. Loomis, 698 P.2d 1320(Colo.1985).

A.

The first degree assault statute, § 18-3-202(1)(c), includes the offense of "extreme indifference" assault, which is defined as occurring when:

Under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life, [a person] knowingly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person and thereby causes serious bodily injury to any person.

Extreme difference assault is a class three felony.

The then applicable second degree assault statute, seeColo. Sess. Laws 1971, ch. 121, § 40-3-203(1)(a) at 420, prior to its repeal in 1994, seeColo. Sess. Laws 1994, ch. 287, § 18-3-203 at 1717, provided:

A person commits the crime of assault in the second degree if:

With intent to cause serious bodily injury to another person, he does cause such injury to any person.

This form of second degree assault was a class four felony prior to repeal of the statute.

In support of his equal protection claim, defendant relies upon the decision of our supreme court in People v. Marcy, supra.There, the court addressed similar language in the two statutes defining, respectively, first degree (extreme indifference murder) and second degree murder and sustained a challenge, based on equal protection grounds, to the former.In our view, People v. Marcy fails to support defendant's contention.

While the respective homicide and assault statutes do share certain common phrases and legal principles, the Marcy case is plainly presented "[i]n the context of criminal homicide."People v. Marcy, supra, at 79.Therefore, though reference to the case is instructive, it is not dispositive.

B.

A significant differentiating factor between the two assault statutes is the mens rea element.Second degree assault is a specific intent crime while extreme indifference assault is a general intent crime, requiring a "knowing" culpable mental state as to three sets of conduct.Arguably, the lesser offense here carries the more culpable mental state.SeePeople v. Bramlett, 194 Colo. 205, 573 P.2d 94(1977);People v. Suazo, 867 P.2d 161(Colo.App.1993).However, when the respective mental states are joined to the actus reus, the proscribed conduct, in each respective statute, we conclude that the General Assembly could rationally have perceived that the crime described in the first degree assault statute, demonstrating extreme indifference to human life, poses a more substantial evil than that described in the second degree assault statute.Thus, even though the differences may vary only in a matter of degree, the classification does not violate the guarantees of equal protection.

Second degree assault proscribes the intentional causation of a bodily injury defined by law as constituting a substantial risk of death to the person injured.Section18-1-901(3)(p), C.R.S. (1986 Repl.Vol. 8B)(" 'Serious bodily injury' means bodily injury which ... involves a substantial risk of death....")On the other hand, extreme indifference first degree assault proscribes one, while exhibiting behavior manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life, from knowingly engaging in conduct that creates a grave risk of death to another person, and then knowingly causing serious bodily injury or a substantial risk of death to any person that is injured.

Thus, aside from knowingly creating circumstances which manifest extreme indifference to the value of human life, the "knowing" element of extreme indifference assault goes beyond simply the conduct of causing serious bodily injury.It is also the mens rea applied to the creation of a grave risk of death to any person, not just the person injured.

In addition, the extreme indifference statute refers to the knowing conduct creating the grave risk of death, out of which the serious bodily injury flows.This is quite opposite to the second degree assault statute which is based simply on the conscious object--or intent--to cause the result--serious bodily injury.SeePeople v. Marcy, supra.

We conclude that these differences in language, and the nuances therefrom, constitute statutory discreteness in culpability that renders the statutes categorically distinct and different based on real elements of mens rea and conduct.

II.

Defendant next contends that the district court erred in denying his Crim. P. 35(c) motion because there was insufficient evidence to convict him of extreme indifference first degree assault.Specifically, he argues only that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that he knew his actions created a grave risk of death to another person.We disagree.

When sufficiency of the evidence is the basis for an appeal of a jury verdict, we must determine whether the evidence, when...