People v. Superior Court, Cr. 38346

• Decision Date: 22 June 1971
• Docket Number: Cr. 38346
• Citation: 95 Cal.Rptr. 757,18 Cal.App.3d 316
• Parties: The PEOPLE, Petitioner, v. SUPERIOR COURT, Respondent, Anthony BOWMAN, Real Party in Interest.
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Page 757

95 Cal.Rptr. 757

18 Cal.App.3d 316

The PEOPLE, Petitioner, v. SUPERIOR COURT, Respondent Anthony BOWMAN, Real Party in Interest.

Cr. 38346.

Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 4, California.

June 22, 1971.

Hearing Denied Aug. 18, 1971.

Joseph P. Busch, Jr., Dist. Atty., Harry Wood, Head, Appellate Division, Harry B. Sondheim, Deputy Dist. Atty., for petitioner.

Richard S. Buckley, Public Defender, Harold E. Shabo, Robert Levy, Edward Van Gelder, Deputy Public Defenders, for real party in interest.

No appearance for respondent court.

KINGSLEY, Associate Justice.

Defendant was charged, in two counts, with assault on a peace officer, in violation of section 242 of the Penal Code, and with possession of a deadly weapon by an ex-convict, in violation of section 12021 of the Penal Code. He duly moved, pursuant to section 1538.5 of the Penal Code, to suppress as evidence against him an automatic weapon seized at the time of his arrest. After a hearing, the motion was granted. The People seek a writ of mandate directing the trial court to vacate that order and enter an order denying the motion. We issued our alternative writ; the matter has been briefed and argued. For the reasons set forth below, we grant the petition for a peremptory writ.

In view of the issue as presented to us, we need not recite the evidence in detail. Police officers were advised that a tall Negro man, wearing striped bell bottom trousers and a long leather jacket had just purchased a gun at a Main Street pawn shop and was carrying it, concealed, in that vicinity. They drove down Main Street and saw defendant, dressed as described, standing in front of a barber shop. One officer testified that, from his vantage point on the police vehicle, ¹ he saw a box of bullets in defendant's jacket pocket. The officers alighted from the vehicle, approached defendant and removed the box of bullets. The officer testified that the jacket was unbuttoned and that he saw the butt of a pistol in defendant's belt. He reached in and seized the weapon. ² The evidence at the 1538.5 hearing cast substantial doubt on the credibility of that story. ³ The trial judge discussed with counsel, at some length, his doubts as to the accuracy of both versions. Ultimately, and after taking time to consider his decision, he granted the motion to suppress the weapon, saying:

'THE COURT: I find that the preponderance of evidence discloses that the officer observed the automatic at a time when he had not yet placed--when he had not yet detained the defendant or placed him in custody, and that he seized it at a time when he had not yet commenced a search of the defendant's person, and that he seized it upon seeing it.

'But I entertain a reasonable doubt as to whether that is the fact, and I would grant the motion. The motion is granted.'

'* * *ent

'THE COURT: If the measure is--the proper measure is the preponderance of the evidence, the motion should not be granted. If the proper measure is reasonable doubt, the motion should be granted.'

Since the officers had no warrant, the burden was on the People to justify their conduct. It is conceded that the information received by the officers was not sufficient to have justified an arrest of defendant but that it was sufficient, when coupled with his dress and the area in which he was seen, to justify accosting him for further investigation. Under those circumstances, a cursory pat down of his person would have been lawful and, had there been such a search with the discovery of the gun, the officers, for their own protection, could have seized it.

But, absent a pat down, the right to seize the weapon turns on the fact--if it be a fact--that the officers had earlier seen the box of bullets and the gun butt. The record of the 1538.5 hearing shows that the trial court entertained substantial doubt as to the truth of the officer's version, concluding with the remarks and ruling above quoted. On this record, we must determine whether the court used the correct standard of proof. We conclude that it did not.

We point out, first, that, although the discussion between court and counsel took a broad sweep, the ultimate ruling, quoted above, turned not on the court's view as to the reasonableness of official conduct on agreed or admitted facts, but on whether there had actually existed the facts on which the officer purported to rely in forming his belief that defendant was armed. In other words, the narrow issue before us is whether a trial judge, in ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, made pursuant to section 1538.5 of the Penal Code, must believe the factual testimony on behalf of the People beyond a reasonable doubt, or whether he may deny the motion because he believes that testimony more probably true than false. ⁴

Neither party has cited us to any authority directly deciding the issue thus presented. The People argue, and the real party in interest concedes, that we deal with a so-called 'preliminary fact.' The People advance from that position by citing section 115 of the Evidence Code, which provides that 'Except where otherwise provided by law, the burden of proof requires proof by a preponderance of the evidence.' They then cite the Evidence Code Manual, published by the California Continuing Education of the Bar, to the effect that the reasonable doubt standard applies only to the issue of guilt and that '(o)n other issues in a criminal case, the burden of proof requires proof only by a preponderance of the evidence.' (Evidence Code Manual (1966), 410.) They refer, also, to various decisions in which the appellate courts have referred to 'inferences' and to situations in which 'it was more likely than not' that probable cause to arrest, or to search, existed.

The cases cited are not helpful, since they did not deal with the issue before us, but rather with whether a finding (made without express reference to a standard of proof) was, or was not supported by the record. But a finder of fact may be convinced to the highest standard by inferences it draws from the evidence. And where the issue is whether an officer, acting on uncontradicted factual data, had reasonably drawn a conclusion therefrom, the matter of standard of proof is not in issue.

The real party in interest points out: (1) that Evidence Code, section 115, by its terms, requires a higher standard than preponderance of the evidence 'where otherwise provided by law,' and that the official comment to that section includes 'decisional law' as one form of the 'law' referred to in the statute. He points out, also, that the Evidence Code Manual is in error in at least one instance of proof of a preliminary fact. In People v. Stroud (1969) 273 Cal.App.2d 670...