People v. Torres

• Decision Date: 21 May 2001
• Docket Number: No. S079575.,S079575.
• Citation: 25 Cal.4th 680,106 Cal.Rptr.2d 824,22 P.3d 871
• Parties: The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Guadalupe TORRES, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: California Supreme Court

106 Cal.Rptr.2d 824

25 Cal.4th 680

22 P.3d 871

The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Guadalupe TORRES, Defendant and Appellant.

No. S079575.

Supreme Court of California.

May 21, 2001.

Rehearing Denied July 11, 2001.

Cynthia A. Thomas, Sacramento, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.

Ron Boyer for California Public Defenders Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.

Daniel E. Lungren and Bill Lockyer, Attorneys General, George Williamson and David P. Druliner, Chief Assistant Attorneys General, Robert R. Anderson, Assistant Attorney General, Erik Brunkal, Michael J. Weinberger and Ruth M. Saavedra, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

KENNARD, J.

In Hubbart v. Superior Court (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1138, 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 492, 969 P.2d 584, we upheld the constitutionality of the Sexually Violent Predators Act (Welf. & Inst.Code, § 6600 et seq. (Act)).¹ The Act provides for civil commitment of criminal defendants who, after serving their prison terms, are found to be "sexually violent predator[s]." (§ 6604.) At issue here is whether this determination must be based upon a finding by the trier of fact at trial that the defendant's prior sexual crimes involved "predatory acts," which are statutorily defined as acts against a stranger, a casual acquaintance, or someone cultivated for the purpose of victimization. (§ 6600, subd. (e).) We conclude that the trier of fact need not make such a finding.

I

The issue raised by this appeal stems from the Act's use of dissimilar language to define a "predatory act" and a "sexually violent predator." A predatory act is one directed "toward a stranger, a person of casual acquaintance with whom no substantial relationship exists, or an individual with whom a relationship has been established or promoted for the primary purpose of victimization." (§ 6600, subd. (e).) In contrast, the Act does not define a sexually violent predator by reference to victim characteristics. Rather, a sexually violent predator is "a person who has been convicted of a sexually violent offense against two or more victims and who has a diagnosed mental disorder that makes the person a danger to the health and safety of others in that it is likely that he or she will engage in sexually violent criminal behavior." (§ 6600, subd. (a).) In turn, "[sexually violent offense" under the Act includes forcible rape, forcible spousal rape, rape in concert, lewd act against a person under 14 years of age, forcible penetration, forcible sodomy, and forcible oral copulation. (§ 6600, subd. (b).)

Under section 6601, whenever the Director of Corrections determines that a defendant serving a prison term may be a sexually violent predator, the Department of Corrections and the Board of Prison Terms undertake an initial screening "based on whether the person has committed a sexually violent predatory offense and on a review of the person's social, criminal, and institutional history." (§ 6601, subd. (b).) The screening is conducted in accord with a protocol developed by the state Department of Mental Health. (Ibid.) If that screening leads to a determination that the defendant is likely to be a sexually violent predator, the defendant is referred to the Department of Mental Health for an evaluation by two psychiatrists or psychologists. (§ 6601, subds.(b) & (c).) If both find that the defendant "has a diagnosed mental disorder so that he or she is likely to engage in acts of sexual violence without appropriate treatment and custody" (§ 6601, subd. (d)), the department forwards a petition for commitment to the county of the defendant's last conviction (ibid.). If the county's designated counsel concurs with the recommendation, he or she files a petition for commitment in the superior court. (§ 6601, subd. (i).)

The next step is a probable cause hearing in superior court, at which the defendant is entitled to counsel and to confront and call witnesses. (In re Parker (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1453, 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 167.) If "there is probable cause to believe that the [defendant] is likely to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior upon his or her release," the court orders a trial to determine whether the defendant, by reason of a diagnosed mental disorder, is "a danger to the health and safety of others in that the person is likely to engage in acts of sexual violence upon his or her release." (§ 6602, subd. (a), italics added.)

At trial, the defendant is entitled to a jury, the assistance of counsel, and the right to retain experts to perform further evaluations. (§ 6603, subd. (a).) If the state proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is a sexually violent predator, the defendant is committed to the Department of Mental Health for a two-year term. (§ 6604.) Annual status reviews of the defendant may result in an unlimited number of additional periods of confinement depending upon the improvement or lack of improvement in the defendant's mental condition. (§ 6605.)

II

In 1989, in a California proceeding, defendant was sentenced to state prison for eight years after pleading guilty to raping a woman he had been dating. On March 25, 1997, the People filed a petition for defendant's civil commitment under the Act, alleging that an evaluation by the Department of Mental Health had determined him to be a sexually violent predator. After a hearing, the superior court found probable cause to believe defendant was likely to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior upon his release, and it set the matter for trial. Defendant waived his right to a jury trial on his prior convictions. The trial court then found that defendant had sustained three prior convictions for sexually violent crimes: a 1971 Texas sodomy conviction, a 1976 Texas aggravated rape conviction, and the 1989 California rape conviction.

Defendant asked the trial court to make a specific finding whether the 1989 rape was "predatory" within the definition of section 6600, subdivision (e). The court rejected this request. The jury then heard expert psychological evidence and found defendant to be a sexually violent predator. The trial court committed defendant to two years in Atascadero State Hospital.

Defendant appealed. The Court of Appeal rejected defendant's contention that at trial the trier of fact must determine whether prior convictions involved predatory acts, but it reversed the trial court's sexually violent predator determination on the ground that defendant's two Texas convictions had not been proved by certified documents. (See Evid.Code, §§ 1530, 1531.) The People did not seek review in this court. We granted defendant's petition for review of the Court of Appeal's holding relating to proof of predatory acts.

III

Section 6600 specifies that to be a sexually violent predator, a defendant must have been convicted of a "sexually violent offense." Nothing in section 6600 requires that the sexually violent offense be a predatory act, which is defined in subdivision (e) of section 6600 as an act committed against a stranger, a casual acquaintance, or a person cultivated for the purpose of victimization. To the contrary, one of the crimes classified in section 6600, subdivision (b) as a sexually violent offense is spousal rape, and a crime against a spouse would rarely be "predatory" as the Act uses that term.

Likewise section 6604, which describes the procedure at trial to determine whether a defendant is a sexually violent predator, does not refer to predatory acts. It provides: "The court or jury shall determine whether, beyond a reasonable doubt, the person is a sexually violent predator.... If the court or jury determines that the person is a sexually violent predator, the person shall be committed for two years to the custody of the State Department of Mental Health for appropriate treatment and confinement in a secure facility...." (Ibid.)

Defendant, however, points to the probable cause provision of section 6602, which requires the superior court to review the petition and "determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the individual named in the petition is likely to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior...." (§ 6602, subd. (a), italics added.) But section 6602 also specifies the issues to be decided at the trial if the court finds probable cause. That provision does not require the trier of fact at the trial to determine whether the defendant has previously engaged in predatory acts, but only whether, if released, the defendant "is likely to engage in acts of sexual violence." (§ 6602, subd. (a).)

Defendant also points to other provisions that use the concept of predatory acts. For instance, section 6600, subdivision (a)(3) permits the details of a prior conviction, "including a predatory relationship with the victim," to be shown by documentary evidence. Section 6601, subdivision (b) states that the initial screening by the Department of Corrections shall be based in part on whether the defendant has committed a sexually violent predatory offense. Section 6602.5, subdivision (a) prohibits placing a defendant in a state hospital unless "there is probable cause to believe that the individual named in the petition is likely to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior." And section 6607, subdivision (a) authorizes the Director of Mental Health to recommend an inmate's conditional release to a...