Pyron v. State

• Citation: 237 Ga. App. 198,514 S.E.2d 51
• Decision Date: 08 March 1999
• Docket Number: No. A98A2019.,A98A2019.
• Parties: PYRON v. The STATE.
• Court: United States Court of Appeals (Georgia)

514 S.E.2d 51

237 Ga. App. 198

PYRON v. The STATE.

No. A98A2019.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

March 8, 1999.

Reconsideration Denied March 22, 1999.

Darel C. Mitchell, Lawrenceville, for appellant.

Daniel J. Porter, District Attorney, Nancy J. Dupree, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee. RUFFIN, Judge.

A jury found Rosa Mae Pyron guilty of three counts of cruelty to children. In her sole enumeration of error, Pyron contends that the trial court erred in failing to allow her to present expert testimony regarding the interview techniques employed in questioning the victim. Since such testimony involves an area of expertise beyond the ken of the average juror, the trial court erred in refusing to permit Pyron's expert to testify. Accordingly, we reverse.

In September 1994, the victim, who was four years old, and his two siblings moved in with his grandparents, Rosa Pyron and her husband.¹ On March 21, 1996, Lenell Bailey, the victim's mother, visited the victim and noticed marks on his back and side. Bailey notified a caseworker from the Department of Family & Children Services (DFACS), and the children were removed from Pyron's home. After the victim identified his grandmother as the person who had injured him,² Pyron was arrested for cruelty to children. In May 1996, Officer Lorene Jackson of the Gwinnett County Police Department conducted a videotaped interview of the victim that the State tendered into evidence. The victim, who was five at the time of trial, took the stand and the prosecutor questioned him about the alleged incidents of abuse. During her case in chief, Pyron sought to introduce the testimony of Dr. Robert Shaffer, a psychologist, regarding the techniques employed by Officer Jackson and the prosecutor in their examinations of the victim. Outside the presence of the jury, Dr. Shaffer testified that children, in general, tend to be more susceptible to suggestion than adults. Dr. Shaffer testified that a few of the victim's responses "appear[ed] to have been influenced by certain experiences prior to being asked the question" and that there were specific instances in which the victim's responses revealed "a very specific pattern." To provide an example, Dr. Shaffer testified that the victim described his grandmother "as the mean grandmother ... and the residence that he lived in as the mean house." According to Dr. Shaffer, this pattern "seem[ed] to portray an emotional tone of the response set that [he] believe[d] th[e] child acquired in interaction with some other individual." Following the State's argument that this testimony improperly interfered with the jury's assessment of credibility, the trial court excluded Dr. Shaffer's testimony.

It is well-established that "[e]xpert opinion testimony on issues to be decided by the jury, even the ultimate issue, is admissible where the conclusion of the expert is one which jurors would not ordinarily be able to draw for themselves." Smith v. State, 247 Ga. 612, 619, 277 S.E.2d 678 (1981) (battered woman's syndrome); see also Brown v. State, 262 Ga. 833, 834(2), 426 S.E.2d 559 (1993) (sanity); Bethea v. State, 251 Ga. 328, 331(10), 304 S.E.2d 713 (1983) (cause of death). In a case of first impression, the Supreme Court recently addressed the propriety of admitting expert testimony regarding interviewing techniques in a child sexual abuse case. Barlow v. State, 270 Ga. 54, 507 S.E.2d 416 (1998).

The Supreme Court noted that "[t]estimony intended to show that an investigating officer's questions of the child victim were inappropriate represents evidence only an expert could give on matters not within the knowledge of a juror. It would assist the jury directly in evaluating the weight given to that testimony." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 54, 507 S.E.2d 416. The Supreme Court further noted that "cross-examination of a child witness could be ineffectual if the child sincerely takes his or her recollections to be grounded in facts and does not remember the improper interview procedures which may have suggested them. Similarly, cross-examination of the interviewer is not necessarily sufficient." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 55, 507 S.E.2d 416. Thus, the Supreme Court concluded that expert testimony on this issue should be admitted because the effect of such techniques "is a subject with which a lay juror may be unfamiliar." Id. at 54, 507 S.E.2d 416

Unlike Barlow, this case involves physical rather than sexual abuse. This distinction, however, does not warrant a different result since the underlying concerns remain the same. In Barlow, the Supreme Court acknowledged that "[s]pecial interviewing processes are necessary to get information from child victims, who are often immature, inarticulate, frightened, and confused about the abuse they have received." (Punctuation omitted.) Id. Since child victims of physical abuse are likely to exhibit these same qualities, expert testimony on the subject of interviewing techniques is equally relevant in a trial involving physical rather than sexual abuse.

Another concern mentioned by the Supreme Court is the need for a level playing field. Id. at 55, 507 S.E.2d 416. In the past, Georgia courts have adopted a liberal approach to the introduction of evidence by the State in cases involving either the physical or sexual abuse of children. See Miller v. State, 179 Ga.App. 100(1), 345 S.E.2d 647 (1986) (prior incident); Phelps v. State, 158 Ga.App. 219-220(2), 279 S.E.2d 513 (1981) (similar transactions); Smith v. State, 154 Ga.App. 497, 499(1), 268 S.E.2d 714 (1980) (prior transactions). We have recognized that "since there is seldom a competent witness other than the defendant to what occurred in a child abuse case, courts should be... liberal in admitting corroborative evidence." Smith, supra at 499, 268 S.E.2d 714. Conversely, we should endeavor to ensure that a defendant is not unduly hampered...