Rademeyer v. Farris

• Decision Date: 13 March 2002
• Docket Number: No. 01-2377.,No. 01-2456.,01-2377.,01-2456.
• Citation: 284 F.3d 833
• Parties: Daniel RADEMEYER; State of Missouri, Appellants, v. Michael R. FARRIS, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

284 F.3d 833

Daniel RADEMEYER; State of Missouri, Appellants, v. Michael R. FARRIS, Appellee.

No. 01-2377.

No. 01-2456.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: January 14, 2002.

Filed: March 13, 2002.

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Robert James Selsor, argued, St. Louis, MO, for appellant Rademeyer.

Alana Barragan-Scott, argued, St. Louis, MO, for appellant State of Missouri.

John Gianoulakis, argued, St. Louis, MO (Jennifer S. Forsythe, on the brief), for appellee.

Before BOWMAN, FAGG, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

Daniel Rademeyer was a shareholder in MRF, Inc., a medical technology company in which Michael Farris owned a majority of the stock. After Mr. Farris purchased all the shares of the minority shareholders and sold MRF, Mr. Rademeyer sued him claiming fraud and breach of fiduciary duty. Mr. Rademeyer alleged that Mr. Farris had concealed the true value of MRF and had failed to disclose that, at the time of buy-back negotiations with the minority shareholders, he had received an offer from LaserSight to sell MRF for a higher price per share than the price that he offered (and ultimately paid) the minority shareholders for their shares. Shortly after purchasing the minority shareholders' interests, Mr. Farris sold MRF to LaserSight at a higher price per share than he had paid to the shareholders.

The district court, noting that the Missouri statute of limitations on claims for common-law fraud and breach of fiduciary duty is five years, held the claims time barred and granted Mr. Farris's motion for summary judgment. See Rademeyer v. Farris, 145 F.Supp.2d 1096, 1102, 1106-07 (E.D.Mo.2001). We reverse in part and affirm in part.

I.

We review grants of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standards as the district court. Dulany v. Carnahan, 132 F.3d 1234, 1237 (8th Cir.1997). "Summary judgment is appropriate when the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Clark v. Kellogg Co., 205 F.3d 1079, 1082 (8th Cir.2000); see Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A federal district court sitting in diversity is required to apply the law of the state in which it is located when ruling on matters of limitations. Nettles v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 55 F.3d 1358, 1362 (8th Cir.1995). Missouri is the forum state for this diversity action.

II.

We consider the fraud claim first. In Missouri, the limitations period applied to most common-law tort claims is found in the various subsections of Mo. Rev.Stat. § 516.120, which requires that a suit for fraud be brought within five years of the accrual of the cause of action, see Mo.Rev.Stat. § 516.120(5). A fraud claim is "deemed not to have accrued until the discovery by the aggrieved party," id., and Missouri courts have held that "discovery" under this section ordinarily occurs when the plaintiff actually discovers "or in the exercise of due diligence, should have discovered the fraud," Burr v. Nat'l Life and Accident Ins. Co., 667 S.W.2d 5, 7 (Mo.Ct.App.1984). Nevertheless, if a fiduciary relationship existed between the plaintiff and the defendant, the cause of action does not accrue until the plaintiff's "actual discovery" of the fraud. Community Title Co. v. U.S. Title Guar. Co., 965 S.W.2d 245, 252 (Mo.Ct.App.1998) (emphasis in original). The district court held that this latter standard did not apply here because Mr. Farris owed no fiduciary duty to Mr. Rademeyer after the date that Mr. Farris bought out the minority shareholders. The court held, moreover, that because Mr. Rademeyer did not exercise due diligence to discover the alleged fraud, his claims were time barred. We disagree with the district court.

It seems self-evident to us that, for purposes of determining what standard of diligence to apply to plaintiffs asserting that a fiduciary has committed a fraud, the fiduciary relationship need only have existed at the time of the alleged fraud, and that the continued existence of the fiduciary relationship beyond that time is irrelevant. In fact, the Missouri Court of Appeals has explicitly held that "the required discovery depends upon and is determined by the relationship of the plaintiff and defendant prior to the commission of the fraud." Vogel v. A.G. Edwards and Sons, Inc., 801 S.W.2d 746, 754 (Mo.Ct.App. 1990). The principle seems inherent in the purpose of the actual discovery standard: The law deems it reasonable for someone to place trust in a fiduciary, and so a person is not expected to be as vigilant with respect to fiduciaries as he or she might otherwise be. See Vogel, 801 S.W.2d at 754. Because a controlling shareholder owes a fiduciary duty to minority shareholders, see Peterson v. Cont'l Boiler Works, Inc., 783 S.W.2d 896, 904 (Mo.1990), we hold that Mr. Rademeyer's cause of action for fraud did not accrue until he obtained actual notice of the facts constituting the alleged fraud. See Community Title, 965 S.W.2d at 252.

Mr. Farris suggests that there was evidence that Mr. Rademeyer did in fact have actual notice of the facts that constitute the alleged fraud as early as 1994, but we disagree. He points first to the fact that John Brandvein, another minority shareholder, told Mr. Rademeyer in 1994 that Mr. Farris had sold MRF, that "he didn't think he [Mr. Brandvein] had been treated fairly," and that he thought that he (Mr. Brandvein) had "a very good case." Mr. Farris also observes that Mr. Brandvein even "tried to enlist [Mr. Rademeyer] into joining into the suit with him at that stage." Mr. Farris maintains that, with a few additional questions, Mr. Rademeyer could have learned about documents revealing the alleged fraud. In other words, Mr. Farris asserts that Mr. Rademeyer was on inquiry notice that he had a cause of action.

We agree that Mr. Brandvein's attempt to recruit Mr. Rademeyer as a co-plaintiff, and Mr. Brandvein's statement that he thought that he had "a very good case," would put a person in Mr. Rademeyer's circumstances on inquiry notice; but inquiry notice is not relevant here. That is because, as we have already indicated, Missouri courts have held that a person who relies on a fiduciary "`is under no duty to make inquiry,'" Vogel, 801 S.W.2d at 755 (quoting Foster v. Petree, 347 Mo. 992, 149 S.W.2d 851, 853 (1941)), and has actual notice only "if he [or she] has sufficient facts to inform a reasonable person that a fraud has been committed," Vogel, 801 S.W.2d at 755.

Mr. Brandvein's statement that "he didn't think he had been treated fairly" could represent nothing more than seller's remorse, and his unsupported statement of opinion that he had "a very good case" was just that. Without something more, we believe, these facts are insufficient as a matter of law to inform a reasonable person that a fraud had actually been committed. As explained below, we believe that a reasonable person in Mr. Rademeyer's position would have ascertained the facts underlying Mr. Brandvein's opinions, but the law of Missouri imposes no such duty of inquiry in the case of a fraud committed by a fiduciary. We conclude on this record that Mr. Rademeyer's cause of action did not accrue until he learned that Mr. Farris already had a higher offer in hand from LaserSight when he bought out the minority shareholders. Since the present suit commenced within five years of that actual discovery, the statute of limitations does not bar the claim for fraud.

III.

We now pass to a consideration of Mr. Rademeyer's claim for breach of fiduciary duty. One might expect, as an original matter, that a claim for breach of fiduciary duty would be subject to the same standard of discovery, for limitations purposes, as a claim for fraud committed by a fiduciary, because a breach of fiduciary duty is a constructive fraud under Missouri law, see Klemme v. Best, 941 S.W.2d 493, 495 (Mo.1997). But the Missouri courts have given the relevant limitations statutes a rather strict interpretation, and have held instead that a claim for breach of fiduciary duty accrues "`when damage is sustained and capable of ascertainment,'" Community Title, 965...