Raffaelli v. State, 06-93-00062-CR

• Decision Date: 30 November 1994
• Docket Number: No. 06-93-00062-CR,06-93-00062-CR
• Citation: 881 S.W.2d 714
• Parties: Stephen RAFFAELLI, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

Page 714

881 S.W.2d 714

Stephen RAFFAELLI, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 06-93-00062-CR.

Court of Appeals of Texas,

Texarkana.

Submitted July 7, 1994.

Argued July 21, 1994.

Petitions for Discretionary Review Refused Nov. 30, 1994.

James E. Davis, Texarkana, for appellant.

Leon Pesek, Jr., Dist. Atty., Texarkana, for appellee.

Before CORNELIUS, C.J., and BLEIL and GRANT, JJ.

OPINION

GRANT, Justice.

Stephen Raffaelli appeals from a conviction for driving while intoxicated. A jury found Raffaelli guilty, assessed punishment at two years' imprisonment, probated, and a $2,000 fine.

Raffaelli contends that the trial court erred in ruling that the police legally stopped his vehicle, in admitting a videotape showing him exercising his right to remain silent, in refusing to grant a mistrial when the prosecutor argued outside the record, and in allowing the prosecutor to state that Raffaelli was represented by two well-paid attorneys.

Bowie County Sheriff's Deputy Joe Rochelle testified that he decided to stop Stephen Raffaelli after Raffaelli passed the deputy westbound on Interstate 30 and then weaved back and forth in his lane. Rochelle made the stop after Raffaelli exited onto Kings Highway in Nash, Texas, and proceeded at what the deputy called a "high rate of speed." Rochelle testified that Raffaelli fumbled for his driver's license, spoke with slurred speech, and staggered after leaving the car. Rochelle further stated that he smelled alcohol while speaking with Raffaelli.

Deputy David Cargile testified that he arrived on the scene, arrested Raffaelli, took him to the Bi-State Justice Building in Texarkana, and videotaped Raffaelli during the administration of several sobriety tests. The trial court allowed the jury to see the videotape over the defendant's objections.

Raffaelli testified that he had at least two beers with dinner at the house of Barnett Price, Jr. Price testified that he did not think that Raffaelli was intoxicated when he left Price's home.

During jury argument, the trial court sustained defense counsel's objection to the prosecutor's use of statistics regarding D.W.I., which were not presented into evidence, but the trial court refused to declare a mistrial on that basis. The trial court overruled defense counsel's objection to the prosecutor's statement that Raffaelli was represented by two well-paid attorneys.

The Detention

Raffaelli first contends that the trial court erred in ruling that the initial stop of Raffaelli's vehicle was lawful. In Stone v. State, 703 S.W.2d 652, 654 (Tex.Crim.App.1986), the court stated that:

An officer is permitted to make a temporary investigative detention of a defendant if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that some activity out of the ordinary is or has occurred, some suggestion to connect the detainee with the unusual activity, and some indication that the activity is related to crime.

The type of reasonable suspicion required does not rise to the level of probable cause such as is required to justify a warrantless search or arrest. Id.

In the present case, Deputy Rochelle observed Raffaelli pass him on the interstate, weave back and forth in his lane, and, after exiting the interstate, Rochelle saw Raffaelli proceed at a high rate of speed. Rochelle stated that he made the decision to stop Raffaelli after the vehicle weaved back and forth. Raffaelli contends that these observations alone are not sufficient to provide Rochelle with a reasonable suspicion for the stop.

In Miffleton v. State, 728 S.W.2d 880 (Tex.App.--Austin 1987), aff'd, 777 S.W.2d 76 (Tex.Crim.App.1989), the court held that a reasonable suspicion existed based on the defendant's rapid acceleration, weaving, and excessive speed. In Barraza v. State, 733 S.W.2d 379 (Tex.App.--Austin 1987), aff'd, 790 S.W.2d 654 (Tex.Crim.App.1990), the court held that a reasonable suspicion existed when the officer observed the defendant weaving within his own lane and making two improper turns.

The activity observed by the officer does not have to amount to a crime in itself in order to justify an investigative detention. Rochelle's observation of Raffaelli weaving in his lane, although not an inherently illegal act, was sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that some activity out of the ordinary was or had occurred, that Raffaelli had a connection to this activity, and that the activity was related to crime. Raffaelli's first point of error is overruled.

The Videotape

Raffaelli next contends that the trial court erred in allowing the jury to see the post-arrest videotape. On appeal, Raffaelli argues that the videotape was inadmissible because it was the fruit of an illegal detention and because it showed Raffaelli exercising his right to remain silent. ¹

Raffaelli contends that his silence during a part of the tape was an exercise of his right to remain silent, and the prosecutor's showing the jury the videotape was the equivalent of telling the jury that he exercised his right. It is impermissible to penalize an individual for exercising his Fifth Amendment privilege when he or she is under police interrogation. Hardie v. State, 807 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tex.Crim.App.1991). The prosecution may not, therefore, use at trial the fact that the defendant stood silent or claimed his or her privilege in the face of accusation. Id.

In Dumas v. State, 812 S.W.2d 611 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1991, pet. ref'd), the court reversed a conviction because a videotaped interrogation shown to the jury revealed that the defendant had refused to waive his right to remain silent when given his Miranda ² warnings. The court found this to be the effect of the tape even though the prosecutor, when showing the tape to the jury, turned down the volume after the Miranda warnings were given but during the defendant's refusal to waive his rights. Id. at 614. The court felt that the tape led the jury to the inescapable conclusion that the defendant had invoked his right to remain silent. Id.; see also Jones v. State, 742 S.W.2d 398, 401-02 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (court held that the audio portion of a tape taken during a field sobriety test should not have been played to the jury because it revealed that the defendant requested an attorney); Garner v. State, 779 S.W.2d 498 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1989), pet. ref'd, 785 S.W.2d 158 (Tex.Crim.App.1990) (the court held that, when the defendant invoked his right to counsel during a videotaped interrogation, any oral statements made after that were inadmissible).

In the present case, the videotape shows Raffaelli attempting to cooperate at times but appearing to not even hear instructions or questions at other times. He alternately performed sobriety tests and refused to perform, he understood and then did not understand, he spoke and then did not speak. When asked whether he understood certain questions, or just refused to answer, Raffaelli simply shrugged his shoulders. When asked if he understood his right to remain silent and his right to an attorney, Raffaelli said that he could not understand because he had a hearing problem. When again asked if he understood his right to remain silent and his right to an attorney, Raffaelli turned his ear toward the deputy as though he could not hear the question. He again turned his head when asked if he had operated a motor vehicle. He then appeared to use his finger to clean out his ears. When Deputy Cargile asked him to read along, Raffaelli stated that he could not do so without his glasses. Later, Raffaelli asked the deputy to repeat something louder because he did not hear it.

Unlike the Dumas case, wherein the court held that it was an inescapable conclusion that the defendant invoked his right to remain silent, Raffaelli's silence in the present case was clearly part of a series of words and actions that resulted either from a hearing problem or from Raffaelli's desire to appear to have a hearing problem. The impression left by the tape is that Raffaelli remained silent because he did not understand or because he wanted the deputy to think he did not understand the deputy's questions. Nowhere on the tape does Raffaelli verbally state that he wants to exercise his constitutional right to remain silent, and his actions and inaction cannot be construed to be an exercise of this right.

The audio portion of a videotape made in a custodial setting is admissible only where it does not include compelled testimony resulting from interrogation. Miffleton v. State, 777 S.W.2d 76 (Tex.Cr.App.1989). A police request to perform sobriety tests and directions on how to do the tests do not constitute interrogation; neither do queries concerning a suspect's understanding of his rights. Jones v. State, 795 S.W.2d 171 (Tex.Crim.App.1990). Officer Cargile asked only one question which could be construed as an interrogation-type question, i.e., when he asked Raffaelli if he had driven a vehicle. Raffaelli did not answer this question, and during his testimony, he admitted driving the car. Furthermore, Raffaelli does not argue that the videotape is inadmissible due to any perceived comments or interrogation, except the exercising of his constitutional right to remain silent in response to any questions. As discussed above, his failure to answer the question did not appear in any way to be in conjunction with his constitutional rights but rather was based upon his failure to hear the question. Raffaelli's second point of error is overruled.

Jury Argument

Raffaelli next contends that the trial court erred in not granting a mistrial when the prosecutor argued outside the record regarding D.W.I. statistics. During jury argument, the prosecutor stated:

[Defense counsel] seemed to indicate that this was a victimless crime, that no real harm was done. Lost loved ones and high insurance premiums are the direct result of D.W.I. The statistics concerning D.W.I. are staggering. Ladies and gentlemen, an individual who has consumed...