Ringstaff v. Howard

• Decision Date: 08 December 1988
• Docket Number: No. 87-7573,87-7573
• Citation: 861 F.2d 644
• Parties: Terry Kent RINGSTAFF, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Dale HOWARD and The Attorney General of the State of Alabama, Don Siegelman, Respondents-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 644

861 F.2d 644

Terry Kent RINGSTAFF, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Dale HOWARD and The Attorney General of the State of

Alabama, Don Siegelman, Respondents-Appellees.

No. 87-7573.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

Dec. 8, 1988.

Order Granting Rehearing In Banc Feb. 6, 1989.

Janie Baker Clarke, Montgomery, Ala., for petitioner-appellant.

Don Siegelman, Atty. Gen., Alabama State House, Cecil G. Brendle, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Montgomery, Ala., for respondents-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama.

Before RONEY, Chief Judge, JOHNSON and SMITH ^*, Circuit Judges.

JOHNSON, Circuit Judge:

This case involves an appeal from the district court's denial of a petition for writ of habeas corpus brought under 28 U.S.C.A. Sec. 2254. We reverse and direct the district court to grant the writ.

I. BACKGROUND

Terry Ringstaff was arrested for the murder of Mary Henderson on June 11 1980. ¹ On November 7, 1980, Ringstaff made his first demand for a speedy trial. He later reasserted his demand on March 13, 1981, and October 13, 1981. On June 24, 1981, Ringstaff requested and was granted a psychiatric evaluation. On January 22, 1982, the Alabama Lunacy Commission found him competent to stand trial. Ringstaff was finally tried for capital murder on May 5, 1982. He was found guilty of the lesser included offense of murder on May 6, 1982, and eventually was sentenced to prison for life. Ringstaff exhausted his state remedies and brought this petition for writ of habeas corpus. The U.S. Magistrate held a hearing and subsequently denied the petition. The Magistrate's findings were adopted by the district court. In this appeal, Ringstaff raises only the claim that he was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial.

II. DISCUSSION

The Supreme Court in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972), set forth a four-part balancing test for evaluating claims of the denial of the constitutional right to a speedy trial. The factors to be weighed are: length of delay; reason for delay; defendant's assertion of the right; and prejudice to defendant. Id. at 530. Under Barker the length of the delay must be "presumptively prejudicial" in order to trigger an inquiry into the other three factors. Once the balancing is commenced, no single factor is dispositive. However, we must note that although Ringstaff's defense need not necessarily have been impaired, Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. 25, 26, 94 S.Ct. 188, 189, 38 L.Ed.2d 183 (1973), unless the first three factors weigh heavily against the government, Ringstaff must demonstrate actual prejudice. United States v. Mitchell, 769 F.2d 1544, 1547 (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1066, 106 S.Ct. 819, 88 L.Ed.2d 792 (1986).

The district court below held that the delay of 23 months was serious and presumptively prejudicial. ² The state makes no objection to this finding, and we agree. We also agree with both parties and the district court that Ringstaff raised the speedy trial issue sufficiently early. Therefore, Ringstaff's speedy trial claim depends primarily upon the reason for the delay. See United States v. Loud Hawk, 474 U.S. 302, 315, 106 S.Ct. 648, 656, 88 L.Ed.2d 640 (1985) ("The flag all litigants seek to capture is the second factor, the reason for delay."). If the reason for delay also weighs heavily against the state, then Ringstaff need not show actual prejudice to prevail, Moore, 414 U.S. at 26, 94 S.Ct. at 189, but if the delay was reasonable, then he must show actual prejudice. Mitchell, 769 F.2d at 1547.

1. Reason for Delay

The first 9 months of delay were due primarily to the state's desire to wait for the decision of the Supreme Court of Alabama in Beck v. State, 396 So.2d 645 (Ala.1981), before bringing its case. ³ The next 7 months of delay are attributable to Ringstaff's request for psychiatric evaluation. ⁴ The remaining 7 months of delay are unexplained.

A total of 16 months of delay is directly attributable to the state, with the majority of that time being consumed by the state's decision to await the Alabama Supreme Court's decision in Beck. Neither appellant nor appellee was able to cite a single case from any jurisdiction dealing with the propriety of delaying a criminal trial pending a decision in another factually unrelated case. However, guidance in evaluating the legitimacy of the delay can be found in Barker v. Wingo itself.

The Supreme Court in Barker stated that "[a] deliberate attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense should be weighted heavily against the government." 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. The Court also noted that "it is improper for the prosecution intentionally to delay 'to gain some tactical advantage over [defendants] or to harass them.' " Id. at 531 n. 32, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 n. 32 (emphasis added), citing United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 325, 92 S.Ct. 455, 466, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971). See also Avalos, 541 F.2d at 1111-12 (disapproving of delay caused by "court-shopping"). Therefore, the state's motivation is the key area of inquiry.

On June 20, 1980, the week after Ringstaff's arrest, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980). The Court held unconstitutional that portion of the Alabama death penalty statute, Ala.Code Sec. 13-11-1 et seq. (1975) (repealed), which forbade lesser included offense instructions in capital cases. See Ala.Code Sec. 13-11-2(a). ⁵ In reversing Beck's conviction, the Court essentially invalidated the last 14 words of Sec. 13-11-2(a) of the death penalty statute.

One important issue remained after Beck. Was the unconstitutional clause in the Alabama death penalty statute severable? On March 6, 1981, the Alabama Supreme Court finally held that it was severable, thereby upholding the rest of Alabama's death penalty framework. Beck v. State, 396 So.2d 645 (Ala.1981). Between the Supreme Court's decision on June 20, 1980, and the Alabama decision on March 6, 1981, the validity of the death penalty in Alabama was in doubt. Recognizing this situation, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals praised the state's delay in trying Ringstaff in the following terms:

We are of the opinion that it was in the interest of justice according to law, the guiding star of judicial proceedings, that the trial court, the parties and all others concerned with this case, handled it with commendable caution and circumspection rather than rushing ahead without chart or compass to guide them.

Ringstaff v. State, 451 So.2d 375, 381 (Ala.Crim.App.1984). The state successfully argued before the Alabama appellate court that the delay actually benefited Ringstaff because he was eventually convicted on a lesser included offense and not capital murder. However, the state explained before this Court that the "chart or compass" for which it waited was the re-affirmation of the validity of the Alabama death penalty statute. ⁶

Having reviewed the state's explanations and the decisions of the Supreme Court and the Alabama Supreme Court in Beck, we find that the state delayed its prosecution for primarily one reason--it thought that if it brought Ringstaff to trial promptly, the trial court might not have considered giving Ringstaff the death penalty. It seems likely that a trial court would have been hesitant to sentence a defendant to death before the Alabama Supreme Court's reassurance in Beck that the death penalty could be constitutionally administered under the then existing framework, minus the clause struck down by the Supreme Court. The trial court might even have held that the indictment itself on the capital murder charge was flawed, given that the validity of the Alabama capital murder scheme had been called into doubt. ⁷

The reason for the delay seems primarily to have been the state's desire to enhance Ringstaff's chances of receiving the death penalty. This is exactly the type of maneuver "to gain some tactical advantage" that is forbidden by Barker, 407 U.S. at 531 n. 32, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 n. 32. See also Gravitt v. United States, 523 F.2d 1211, 1216 (5th Cir.1975) ("a deliberate delay to prejudice the defense is weighed heavily against the government"); United States v. Baron, 336 F.Supp. 303, 305-06 (S.D.N.Y.1971) (delay caused by prosecution's desire to try eleven defendants serially due to novel question of law presented in all cases held to be dilatory).

The rationale put forth by the state and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, that the delay actually benefited Ringstaff, is flawed. The state claims that the Alabama Supreme Court's decision in Beck permitted Ringstaff to be convicted of a lesser non-capital offense rather than capital murder. That simply ignores the import of the Supreme Court's previous decision in Beck. After the Supreme Court had spoken, all state courts were required to charge lesser included offenses in their death penalty instructions by operation of the supremacy clause. See U.S. Const. Art. VI, Sec. 2. The Alabama Supreme Court gave Ringstaff nothing he did not already have and, in fact, took away his argument that he could not be put to death at all. The delay pending the Alabama Supreme Court's decision only made it much more likely that Ringstaff would be put to death.

2. Prejudice

The first three factors weigh heavily against the state, so Ringstaff need not show actual prejudice. Prince v. Alabama, 507 F.2d 693, 707 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 876, 96 S.Ct. 147, 46 L.Ed.2d 108 (1975) ("prejudice is immaterial where consideration of the other three factors ... coalesce [sic] in the defendant's favor"). See Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. at 26, 94 S.Ct. at 189 (error to require prejudice to defendant); United States v. Mitchell, 769 F.2d at 1547. The state had a "constitutional duty to make a diligent, good-faith effort" to bring Ringstaff promptly to trial. Smith v. Hooey, 393 U.S. 374, 383, ...