Roper v. State

• Decision Date: 02 February 1989
• Docket Number: No. 46269,46269
• Parties: ROPER v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

Page 600

375 S.E.2d 600

258 Ga. 847

ROPER v. The STATE.

No. 46269.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

Feb. 2, 1989.

Reconsideration Denied Feb. 23, 1989.

Kenneth Kondritzer, Savannah, for Robert W. Roper.

Spencer Lawton, Jr., Dist. Atty., Gregory M. McConnell, David T. Lock, Asst. Dist. Attys., Savannah, Michael J. Bowers, Atty. Gen., Andrew S. Ree, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.

CLARKE, Presiding Justice.

Robert W. Roper was convicted of murder, armed robbery, kidnapping and robbery by sudden snatching. He received three life sentences on the murder, armed robbery and kidnapping charges and ten years imprisonment on the robbery by sudden snatching charge. He now appeals. ¹ Because a confession introduced against him at trial was obtained in violation of the rule of Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S.Ct. 1880, 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981), and Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625, 106 S.Ct. 1404, 89 L.Ed.2d 631 (1986), we reverse in part and affirm in part.

The facts relevant to our decision are as follows. On June 23, 1986, seventeen year old Kevin Lamar Jackson drove his blue Honda to a public library to complete his homework assignments. Three days later his body was discovered in the East Park Avenue area of Savannah, Georgia. He had been shot in the head. A few hours following the discovery of the body, Robert Roper and Christopher Burrell were seen in New Jersey in a blue Honda with a Georgia license tag. They were stopped, placed under arrest, and taken to the Franklin Township Police Department where they were confined in separate cells.

Detective Shedden of the Franklin Township Police interrogated Roper three times during his first 21 hours of incarceration. Each time Detective Shedden covered the same ground twice--once off the record and once with a tape recorder running. Each time Roper was advised of his constitutional rights. Each time Roper agreed to make a statement and to sign a waiver of his rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning.

The first interrogation took place at 11:55 p.m. on June 26. Roper claimed that he, Burrell and Jackson had engaged in a struggle and that he was not sure whether he or Burrell had shot Jackson. He admitted, however, that he had snatched a purse from a woman in a McDonalds restaurant on June 25 to get the money for the trip to New Jersey.

Roper was interrogated again at 11:10 a.m. on June 27. This time he stated that he had shot Jackson in self defense. Again, he admitted to the purse snatching incident.

At about noon on June 27, an investigator for the bail unit visited the jail to determine whether any of the inmates wanted an attorney. Roper filled out and signed a form requesting the assistance of a public defender. Neil Hamilton, a public defender, received the form and appeared in court that afternoon to represent Roper at an extradition hearing. After a brief discussion with Hamilton, Roper waived extradition. Hamilton did not discuss the murder or kidnapping charges with Roper. He met with him only in the courtroom. Before Roper was returned to his cell he gave Roper his "standard speech," advising Roper to keep his mouth shut until he arrived in Georgia and could speak to another attorney.

At about 4:00 p.m. on the same day, Detective Ragan from Savannah arrived in New Jersey. He went with Detective Shedden to the county jail where Roper was now being held. At about 9:00 p.m. Roper was again interviewed. This time he admitted that he and Burrell planned to kill Jackson. Roper admitted that he had shot Jackson execution style while Jackson was crying and begging for his life.

At trial Roper moved to suppress the third statement. The trial court denied the motion, finding that Roper made each statement knowingly and voluntarily after being fully informed of his constitutional rights.

1. Roper asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the third confession. We agree. Under the rule of Edwards v. Arizona, supra, and Michigan v. Jackson, supra, once an accused in custody invokes the right to counsel, he should not be subject to further interrogation by the authorities until counsel is present, unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges or conversations with the police. Edwards, 451 U.S., at 484-85, 101 S.Ct., at 1884-85. If police initiate questioning after the invocation of the right to counsel, any uncounseled waiver of that right is invalid. Jackson, 475 U.S., at 635, 106 S.Ct., at 1410.

In this case the State concedes that the form that Roper filled out requesting an attorney was a sufficient invocation of the right to counsel. ² The State also concedes that the interview that resulted in the third confession was police-initiated and took place while Roper had been in continuous police custody. The State argues, however, that the "bright-line" rule of Edwards does not apply here because (a) the police officers interrogating Roper did not know that an attorney had been appointed for Roper; (b) Roper invoked the right to counsel only for the limited purpose of representing him at the extradition hearing; and (c) Roper was given an opportunity to consult with counsel prior to the third interview but chose to make a statement in his absence. We will address each argument briefly below.

(a) The state asserts that this case is distinguished from Edwards and because the officers interrogating Roper, unlike the police involved in those cases, were unaware that he had invoked his right to counsel. Moreover, when asked whether he was represented by counsel, Roper answered "No".

These facts may indicate that the officers were not guilty of any intentional misconduct. However, "Edwards focuses on the mind of the suspect and not of the police ..." Arizona v. Roberson, 486 U.S. 675, 108 S.Ct. 2093, 100 L.Ed.2d 704 (1988). The U.S. Supreme Court imposed upon law enforcement authorities the duty to maintain a procedure to enable an officer who proposes to initiate an interrogation to determine whether a suspect has previously invoked the right to counsel. Id. at ----, 108 S.Ct. at 2101. Moreover, Sixth Amendment principles require imputation of the State's knowledge from one state actor to another. Michigan, 475 U.S., at 634, 106 S.Ct. at 1410. "One set of state actors (the police) may not claim ignorance of defendants' unequivocal request for counsel to another state actor (the court)." Id. The fact that the interrogating officers had no actual knowledge that Roper had made a request for counsel is constitutionally insignificant. Roberson, 486 U.S., at ----, 108 S.Ct. at 2101. Roper's negative answer to the question of whether he had a lawyer did not answer the question of whether he had invoked the right to counsel, nor could it constitute a waiver.

(b) Next, the state contends that Roper's invocation of his right to counsel was a limited invocation of that right, an invocation of the right to have counsel to represent him at formal court proceedings. The state asserts that under Collins v. Francis, 728 F.2d 1322 (11th Cir.1984), a limited request for counsel is not sufficient to invoke the Edwards rule.

In Jackson, 475 U.S., at 633, 106 S.Ct., at 1409, the state made a similar argument. There the suspect had requested counsel at an arraignment. The state maintained that the suspect may not have intended the request for counsel to encompass representation during further questioning and urged the court not to apply the Edwards rule. The court rejected the state's argument stating, "Th[e] settled approach to questions of waiver requires us to give a broad rather than a narrow interpretation to a defendant's right to counsel--we presume that the defendant requests the lawyer's services at every critical stage of the prosecution." 475 U.S., at 633, 106 S.Ct., at 1409.

A defendant may, by his own language, limit his request for counsel to certain settings. Connecticut v. Barrett, 479 U.S. 523, 107 S.Ct. 828, 93 L.Ed.2d 920 (1987). Here, however, there is no evidence that Roper wished to limit his request for counsel in any way. To the contrary, he filled out a form simply indicating that he was indigent and wanted a lawyer appointed to represent him. Compare, Ross v. State, 254 Ga. 22, 326 S.E.2d 194, cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1022, 105 S.Ct. 3490, 87 L.Ed.2d 623 (1985) (defendant expressed desire to be represented by counsel at only committal hearing); Berry v. State, 254 Ga. 101, 326 S.E.2d 748 (1985) (request for counsel to be present only during polygraph testing); Coleman v. State, 179 Ga.App. 834, 348 S.E.2d 70, aff'd in part and reversed in part, 257 Ga. 313, 357 S.E.2d 566 (1986) (defendant requested counsel to be present during tape recorded statements). This case is distinguished from Krier v. State, 249 Ga. 80, 287 S.E.2d 531, cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1140, 102 S.Ct. 2974, 73 L.Ed.2d 1360 (1982), where an attorney was appointed to represent the accused during an extradition hearing even though the accused had not made a request for counsel that would invoke the Edwards rule. Thus, in the absence of any evidence that Roper's request for counsel was limited by its terms, we must presume that he wanted counsel at all critical stages, including custodial interrogation.

(c) The state next argues that there was no violation of Roper's right to counsel because Roper was allowed to consult with an attorney that afternoon. The state asserts that the officers complied with the requirement of Edwards that no interrogation take place until counsel "has been made available."

The Edwards rule is the corollary to the Miranda admonition that "if the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present." Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S., 436, 474, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1628, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). The Fifth and Sixth Amendments protect not only the right to consult with an attorney, but also the right to have the attorney present during...