Scandura v. Trombly Motor Coach Service, Inc.

• Decision Date: 08 July 1976
• Citation: 370 Mass. 612,351 N.E.2d 202
• Parties: Theresa SCANDURA v. TROMBLY MOTOR COACH SERVICE, INC.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 202

351 N.E.2d 202

370 Mass. 612

Theresa SCANDURA

v. TROMBLY MOTOR COACH SERVICE, INC.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Essex.

Argued May 5, 1976.

Decided July 8, 1976.

Laurent P. Lambert, Neuburyport, for plaintiff.

Walter C. Gallagher, Boston, for defendant.

Before HENNESSEY, C.J., and BRAUCHER, KAPLAN and WILKINS, JJ.

WILKINS, Justice.

The plaintiff was injured in August, 1972, in Lawrence, while a passenger on a bus owned and operated by the defendant, a common carrier. She seeks damages including recovery for her pain and suffering. The defendant's bus was covered by a 'motor vehicle liability policy' (G.L. c. 90, § 34A) providing 'personal injury protection' (G.L. c. 90, § 34A), often called no-fault benefits. ¹ The plaintiff had no personal injury protection benefits available to her through a vehicle owned by her or by a member of her household.

In summary, we accept the defendant's argument that the plaintiff may not recover damages for pain and suffering because of the limitation placed on such recovery by G.L. c. 231, § 6D. ² None of the conditions of § 6D which permit recovery of damages for pain and suffering exists in this case. The plaintiff's medical expenses were only $128.

We pause at this point to analyze the posture of the case as it arrived in this court on reservation and report from the Central District Court of Northern Essex where the plaintiff claimed a trial by a jury of six. ³ The case was presented on a statement of agreed facts which included a request that the judge report the case to this court without decision for answers to three questions. ⁴ Any review by this court would be 'pursuant to the Massachusetts Rules of Appellate Procedure.' G.L. c. 218, § 19B. Rule 5 of the Massachusetts Rules of Appellate Procedure, 365 Mass. 745 (1974), treats a report of a case as the equivalent of a notice of appeal. The procedure for reporting a case is set forth in Rule 64 of the Massachusetts Rules of Civil Procedure, 365 Mass. 831 (1974). A judge may report a case without making a decision if the parties have agreed to all the material facts. ⁵

Although the parties filed a statement of agreed facts, they did not agree to 'all the material facts.' Mass.R.Civ.P. 64. While agreeing on how the injury occurred, they did not agree that the defendant was negligent or that the plaintiff was not contributorily negligent. In addition, they did not agree on the amount of damages to which the plaintiff would be entitled if the defendant were liable. ⁶ Because of the result we reach on the questions reported to us, we assume in the plaintiff's favor that the defendant was negligent, that the plaintiff was not contributorily negligent, and that the matter of the amount of her damages for pain and suffering could be reopened in the trial court, in the judge's discretion, if the questions reported to us were answered in her favor. However, our willingness to deal with the questions presented in the report should not be taken as an intention to adopt a general practice of waiving the requirement that a reservation and report without decision must contain an agreement 'as to all the material facts.' We are prompted to deal with the questions reported because they raise issues which have significance beyond the parties.

The plaintiff is not entitled to recover damages for pain and suffering from the defendant. The legislative intent behind hind § 6D is to foreclose such a recovery in this situation. Where a motor vehicle registered in the Commonwealth is covered by a standard motor vehicle liability policy (providing no-fault coverage, as it must), § 6D explicitly forbids a passenger in that vehicle from recovering for pain and suffering in an action of tort, and § 6D implicitly bars such recovery in an action of contract because to allow recovery for pain and suffering would be contrary to the purpose behind the no-fault law (St.1970, c. 670) of which § 6D is a part. Therefore, we answer the first and second questions (see n. 4) in the affirmative, and, because the plaintiff is not entitled to recover for pain and suffering under any theory, we need not answer the third question--whether damages recoverable on a contract theory would be as broad as those recoverable on a tort theory.

1. We have no difficulty in answering the first question reported by applying § 6D literally to foreclose a tort theory of recovery of damages for pain and suffering in this situation. The fact that the defendant is a common carrier makes no difference. The plaintiff had personal injury protection benefits available to her without the need to prove the defendant's fault or to bring suit. In exchange for this right, she lost the right to recover damages for pain and suffering in the circumstances. Such a substitution is rational and constitutional. Cyr v. Farias, --- Mass. ---, --- - --- ^a, 327 N.E.2d 890 (1975). Pinnick v. Cleary, 360 Mass. 1, 16--37, 271 N.E.2d 592 (1971). The availability of prompt and certain recovery tends to reduce court congestion, and the limitation of recoverable damages tends to reduce the cost of compulsory insurance. Id. at 16, 20, ⁷ 271 N.E.2d 592. We see no reason to exempt the plaintiff from the literal application of § 6D in this situation.

This case is significantly different from CHIPMAN V. MASSACHUSETTS BAY TRANSP. AUTHORITY, --- MASS. ---, 316 N.E.2D 725 (1974)^B, where we decline to apply § 6D literally because to do so would have denied recovery for pain and suffering where neither the plaintiff nor the defendant had any connection with the no-fault insurance system. There the defendant, a self-insurer, had no standard motor vehicle liability insurance, which would have provided personal injury protection, and no-fault benefits were unavailable to the plaintiff in any other way. We held that § 6D did not protect the uninsured defendant from liability for pain and suffering to one who had no recourse to personal injury protection. Id. at --- - ---, ^c 316 N.E.2d 725.

The statutes of the Commonwealth authorized the defendant in the case before us to provide required security through a motor vehicle liability policy containing no-fault benefits. See n.1 above. When the defendant took the insurance option, a connection with the no-fault system was established, and the reason for disregarding the literal application of § 6D which existed in the Chipman case disappeared.

The view we take is supported by our decision in CYR V. FARIAS, --- MASS. --- 327 N.E.2D 890 (1975)^D. There two Rhode Island plaintiffs traveling in a vehicle registered in that State were injured in a motor vehicle accident in the Commonwealth involving a defendant whose vehicle was registered in the Commonwealth and insured under a motor vehicle liability policy providing no-fault benefits. This court held that, even though the Rhode Island plaintiffs were not entitled to no-fault benefits in the circumstances, they could not recover damages for pain and suffering. The significant fact, which distinguished the Chipman case, was that the defendant was within the no-fault system because his vehicle was covered by a motor vehicle liability policy. Id. at --- - ---, ^e 327 N.E.2d 890. The defendant here also is within the no-fault system.

2. We answer the second question by holding that a contract theory of recovery may not be used to circumvent the limitation of § 6D on recovery for pain and suffering. The question whether § 6D protects a public carrier from liability in contract for personal injuries was noted but not decided in the Chipman case. ⁸ Chipman v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Authority, supra at --- n. 9, ^f 324 N.E.2d 890.

The plaintiff agrees that she is entitled to no-fault benefits but argues that she may also recover in contract for injuries sustained as a result of the defendant's negligence. We accept, for the purposes of this case, the plaintiff's assertion that pain and suffering damages would be recoverable in an action of contract against a negligent common carrier. Cf. Sullivan v. O'Connor, 363 Mass. 579, 587, 296 N.E.2d 183 (1973); McClean v. University Club, 327 Mass. 68, 76, 97 N.E.2d 174 (1951).

In this situation, the distinction between tort and contract is insignificant. The duty of care imposed by the existence of a contract is not the product of any express agreement between the passenger and the carrier but rather is implied by law. Similarly, the duty on which a tort action would be based is a duty imposed by law. We have said that 'the measure of the carrier's duty (is) the same in either form of action.' Tefft v. Boston Elevated Ry., 285 Mass. 121, 124, 188 N.E. 507 (1934). The focus of concern in § 6D was on tort actions because such actions have been the traditional form of claim used to recover for personal injuries sustained as a result of the negligent operation of a motor vehicle. We see no justification for permitting a contract recovery of damages for the plaintiff's pain and suffering which may not be recovered in tort. ⁹

If contract actions could be maintained to recover damages for pain and suffering when tort actions to recover such damages are barred by § 6D, the purpose of the nofault law (of which § 6D is a significant element) would be frustrated in part. If the plaintiff's argument were accepted, the practical result would be to exclude from the full operation of the no-fault law all passengers in vehicles for hire covered by a standard motor vehicle liability policy. The excluded class would consist of passengers in a considerable variety of motor vehicles, such as buses, taxicabs, ambulances, and other vehicles hired with a driver.

There is a logical basis for concluding that the Legislature intended that passengers in such vehicles should not be treated differently under the no-fault law. If the plaintiff's argument were accepted, the premium charges to be paid for motor vehicle insurance policies covering these classes of vehicles...