Smither v. Texas Utilities Elec. Co.

• Decision Date: 29 January 1992
• Docket Number: No. 08-91-00191-CV,08-91-00191-CV
• Citation: 824 S.W.2d 693
• Parties: Lisa SMITHER, Individually and as Personal Representative of the Estate of Michael Smither, Deceased, and as Next Friend of Ashley Nicole Smither, Appellant, v. TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC CO., Appellee.
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

Page 693

824 S.W.2d 693

Lisa SMITHER, Individually and as Personal Representative of the Estate of Michael Smither, Deceased, and as Next Friend of Ashley Nicole Smither, Appellant, v. TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC CO., Appellee.

No. 08-91-00191-CV.

Court of Appeals of Texas El Paso.

Jan. 29, 1992.

Rehearing Overruled Feb. 26, 1992.

Larry Zinn, San Antonio, Marc R. May, Odessa, for appellant.

Travis E. Vanderpool, Worsham, Forsythe, Sampels & Wooldridge, Dallas, for appellee.

OSBORN, C.J., and WOODARD and KOEHLER, JJ.

OPINION

KOEHLER, Justice.

In a wrongful death suit stemming from the drowning of Appellant's husband, the trial court rendered a take-nothing summary judgment on Appellee's motion. We affirm.

In two points of error, Lisa Smither (Mrs. Smither), widow of Michael Smither and Appellant herein, contends that the trial court erred in granting the motion for summary judgment of Texas Utilities Electric Company (TU), Appellee, because there is a genuine issue of fact and TU was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TU counters with the claim that it owed no duty to the deceased trespasser to keep the premises in a safe condition, it was not grossly negligent under the evidence as a matter of law, and Appellant's cause of action based upon allegations of faulty design is barred by the statute of repose.

When confronted with a summary judgment appeal, this Court must determine whether the successful movant in the trial court carried its burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of a material fact issue and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Company, Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex.1985). In deciding whether or not there is a disputed fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant is to be taken as true, and in that connection, every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in his favor. Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548-49. Where the defendant is the movant, it is entitled to judgment if it submits appropriate summary judgment evidence disproving at least one element of the plaintiff's case. Bradley v. Quality Service Tank Lines, 659 S.W.2d 33, 34 (Tex.1983); Rayos v. Chrysler Credit Corporation, 683 S.W.2d 546, 547 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1985, no writ). If the summary judgment does not state the specific ground on which it was granted, it may be upheld on any theory presented in the motion. Tilotta v. Goodall, 752 S.W.2d 160, 161 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied).

The undisputed facts are as follows: On May 25, 1988, Michael Smither, a trespasser, was fishing along the north discharge canal of the Morgan Creek Steam Electric Station when he fell in the water and drowned. The Station and the canal are part of the private property of TU, as is a dam or weir over which hot water used to cool the electric generators flows before entering the canal and the lake for recirculating. The weir and the canal are necessary to the operation of the power plant. The falling water creates an area of highly turbulent currents at the foot of the weir and apparently attracts fish which swim up the canal to feed. This, in turn, attracts fishermen with sometimes tragic results. There had been four fishermen before Smither, all trespassers, who had fallen in and drowned in the turbulent waters since 1982, the last two within two weeks prior to Smither's death.

TU's property around the weir and canal were enclosed by a 6 foot chain link fence topped by three strands of barbed wire slanted outward and over the canal itself by a cable barrier fence. A number of "no trespassing" signs were attached to the chain link fence and other signs located within the fence line proclaimed, "DANGER, KEEP OUT, DEEP WATER-STRONG CURRENT, 'STAY AWAY!' FOR YOUR OWN SAFETY." TU employed private security guards to patrol the area and in addition, a game warden with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department regularly patrolled the canal area and reported to TU holes cut in its chain link fence which were promptly repaired. According to the game warden, TU had a policy of filing trespassing charges against any person he caught in TU's area. TU had not authorized Smither to be on the property and had no knowledge or notice that he was on its property prior to notification of the drowning.

Mrs. Smither brought this suit on behalf of her minor daughter and herself for wrongful death, alleging that TU knew or should have known of the presence of trespassing fishermen and that it was negligent and grossly negligent by failing to erect proper barriers to prevent fishermen from gaining access to its property, by failing to warn Smither and other members of the public of the dangerous condition of the waters, by failing to provide a security guard and by failing to design the dam properly to eliminate the dangerous condition and to allow anyone who fell into the water a means of safe exit. In support of these allegations and in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Mrs. Smither points to deposition testimony of a "water safety expert" who stated that TU failed to exercise reasonable care and that it should have taken additional safety precautions such as putting an additional fence around the weir area or over the top of the weir area, putting boulders in the area below the weir to break up the hydraulic action, eliminating the fish so as to make the area less attractive to fishermen and posting stronger warning signs. She also relies on the testimony of TU's plant manager that he was aware of the drownings, and that he had called a company engineer who recommended that an additional fence be erected around the weir area, which was never done, as some evidence of TU's conscious indifference.

It has long been the law in Texas that a landowner or premises occupier owes to a trespasser only the duty not to injure him willfully, wantonly, or through gross negligence. ¹ Burton Construction & Shipbuilding Company v. Broussard, 154 Tex. 50, 273 S.W.2d 598, 603 (1954); Weaver v. KFC Management, Inc., 750 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1988, writ denied); Amara v. Lain, 725 S.W.2d 734, 738 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1986, no writ); Mendoza v. City of Corpus Christi, 700 S.W.2d 652, 654 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.). In comparison, a premises occupier owes to an invitee a duty to exercise the ordinary care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise under all the pertinent same or similar circumstances, Corbin v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 648 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tex.1983); whereas, the duty owed to a licensee is not to injure the person willfully, wantonly or through gross negligence and to warn of or make safe dangerous conditions known to the possessor of the premises. Lower Neches Valley Authority v. Murphy, 536 S.W.2d 561, 563 (Tex.1976); Weaver, 750 S.W.2d at 26; Mendoza, 700 S.W.2d at 654.

Since it is undisputed that Smither was a trespasser and it is also undisputed that TU knew of the dangerous condition on its premises, the distinction between the duty owed to a trespasser as opposed to a licensee is important. The premises occupier...