State ex rel. Leggett v. Sovran Leasing Corp.

• Decision Date: 21 November 1995
• Docket Number: No. 77842,77842
• Citation: 909 S.W.2d 664
• Parties: STATE of Missouri, ex rel. Ronald A. LEGGETT, Collector of Revenue of the City of St. Louis, Appellant, v. SOVRAN LEASING CORP., a/k/a Nationsbanc Leasing Corp., Respondent.
• Court: Missouri Supreme Court

Page 664

909 S.W.2d 664

STATE of Missouri, ex rel. Ronald A. LEGGETT, Collector of Revenue of the City of St. Louis, Appellant, v. SOVRAN LEASING CORP., a/k/a Nationsbanc Leasing Corp., Respondent.

No. 77842.

Supreme Court of Missouri En Banc.

Nov. 21, 1995.

Michael D. Stokes, St. Louis, Christine A. Gilsinan, St. Louis, for appellant.

Norah J. Ryan, Robert H. Epstein, St. Louis, for respondent.

PRICE, Judge.

This case concerns whether barges, owned by a nonresident corporation and utilizing a Missouri port less than two percent of the time, are subject to Missouri ad valorem personal property tax. We hold that the barges are not subject to assessment and collection of taxes pursuant to § 154.010, RSMo 1994, because they are "other boats and vessels used in navigating the waters of this state" and they are not owned by residents of the City of St. Louis.

I.

Appellant, the Collector of Revenue for the City of St. Louis, brought this action to recover delinquent property taxes against respondent, NationsBanc Leasing Corporation ("NationsBanc"), formerly Sovran Leasing Corporation, a North Carolina corporation with its principal place of business in Atlanta, Georgia. NationsBanc owns nineteen inland river barges, which it leases to Riverway Company ("Riverway"). Riverway is a Minnesota corporation with its principal place of business in Bloomington, Minnesota. Neither NationsBanc nor Riverway have any offices or agents in Missouri. The barges continuously travel up and down the Mississippi, Illinois, and Ohio rivers transporting grain products. They are not motorized and must be pushed or pulled by tugboats. Less than two percent of the loadings and unloadings of the barges in 1992 and 1993 were made in the City of St. Louis. The barges were not in St. Louis City on January 1, 1992 or January 1, 1993.

The trial court found that § 154.010, RSMo 1994, ¹ governs the taxation of these barges. However, because § 154.010 only provides for assessment in the county where the owner resides, the court further found that the property tax could not be assessed against these particular barges because neither NationsBanc nor Riverway reside in Missouri. The trial court alternately found the barges had no taxable situs in Missouri. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Mo. Const. art. V, § 3.

II.

A.

Missouri generally imposes an ad valorem tax upon all personal property with a Missouri tax situs pursuant to § 137.075 and § 137.095. Section 154.010, however, treats certain maritime property differently. It provides that:

1. Steamboats and other boats and vessels used in navigating the waters of this state, and all shares, stocks and interest therein, are hereby declared a special class of property for the assessment and collection of taxes.

2. All taxes on such property shall be assessed and collected in the county or city in which the owner or owners of said property may reside at the time of assessment.

While the statute explicitly provides that "[s]teamboats and other boats and vessels used in navigating the waters of this state" are a "special class of property for the assessment and collection of taxes", and that such property shall be assessed and collected "in the county or city in which the owner or owners of said property may reside", it makes no provision for the assessment or collection of taxes from nonresident owners. The plain implication is that "steamboats and other boats and vessels used in navigating the waters of this state" owned by nonresidents are not funneled to § 137.075 and § 137.095 as are those owned by residents.

Appellant argues against this result in two ways. First, appellant argues that the barges are not "other boats and vessels" and the statute is inapplicable to them. Alternatively, appellant argues that even if the barges are "other boats and vessels", § 154.010 is merely silent as to them, no implication against taxation exists in the statute, and they are simply to be taxed under § 137.075. We reject both of these arguments.

B.

Chapter 154 provides no special definitions for the words "steamboats and other boats and vessels used in navigating the waters of this state." Two conclusions, however, are quickly apparent. First, these barges are not steamboats. They are neither propelled by nor utilize steam in any way. Second, these barges are actually "used in navigating the waters of this state." Thus, our focus turns to whether the barges are "vessels" or "other boats."

The term "vessel" is defined as "[a] ship, brig, sloop, or other craft used in navigation." Black's Law Dictionary 1733 (4th ed. 1968). A "vessel" also is defined as "a watercraft or structure with its equipment whether self-propelled or not that is used or capable of being used as a means of transportation in navigation or commerce on water and that usu[ally] excludes small rowboats and sailboats." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2547 (1981). Barges have been considered vessels in caselaw for over a hundred years. Disbrow v. The Walsh Brothers, 36 F. 607, 608 (S.D.N.Y.1888); The Wilmington, 48 F. 566, 567 (D.Md.1880).

Federal statutes defining "vessels" are also interpreted to include barges. Under the title regulating shipping within the United States, a "barge" is defined as "a non-self-propelled vessel." 46 U.S.C. § 2101(2) (1988). A "vessel" is defined as "every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water." 46 U.S.C. § 2101(45) (1988) (incorporating by reference 1 U.S.C. § 3). The United States Supreme Court has interpreted this definition to include a barge, "even when it has not motive power of its own, since it is a means of transportation on water." Norton v. Warner Co., 321 U.S. 565, 571, 64 S.Ct. 747, 751, 88 L.Ed. 931, 937 (1944), overruled on other grounds by McDermott Int'l, Inc. v. Wilander, 498 U.S. 337, 111 S.Ct. 807, 112 L.Ed.2d 866 (1991).

Vessels have been defined in at least twenty-two other places in the United States Code, all in a manner that would include a barge. See DiGiovanni v. Traylor Bros., Inc., 959 F.2d 1119, 1129 (1st Cir.1992) (Appendix). Active barges have been considered "vessels" for purposes of the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, Tonnesen v. Yonkers Contracting Co., 847 F.Supp. 12, 16 (E.D.N.Y.1994); Orgeron v. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 561 So.2d 38, 43 (La.1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 818, 111 S.Ct. 62, 112 L.Ed.2d 36 (1990), the Jones Act, Ducote v. Keeler & Co., Inc., 953 F.2d 1000, 1002 (5th Cir.1992), the Federal Ship Mortgage Act, Application of Ba Bas Barge, Inc., 73 Misc.2d 680, 343 N.Y.S.2d 3, 6 (1973), and other maritime actions, Penton v. Pompano Const. Co., Inc., 976 F.2d 636, 641 (11th Cir.1992) (maritime tort); Amoco Oil v. M/V Montclair, 766 F.2d 473, 476 (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1121, 106 S.Ct. 1639, 90 L.Ed.2d 185 (1986) (in rem liability). ²

"Boat" is defined in Black's Law Dictionary 220 (4th ed. 1968), as "[a] small open vessel, or watercraft, usually moved by oars or rowing." Similarly, "boat" is defined in Webster's Third New International Dictionary 244 (1981), as "a small vessel with or without a deck propelled by oars or paddle or by sail or power."

In contrast to a "vessel", which generally refers to a larger, commercial watercraft, "boat" generally connotates a smaller, noncommercial watercraft, most often open. However, this is an overly technical reading of the term, in the context of § 154.010. The statute refers not merely to "boats" but to "other boats", particularly in comparison to steamboats. Because a steamboat would not normally be associated with small, noncommercial watercraft, this implies a broader interpretation for the term "other boats" as used in the statute. Notably, in 1884 this Court did not even question whether a barge was a boat for purposes of assessment of a wharfage fee provided by city ordinance, noting merely that "[t]his ordinance conforms to the law for taxation of boats and vessels." The City of St. Louis v. The St. Louis & New Orleans Transp. Co., 84 Mo. 156, 159 (1884). The tax law referred to was a precursor to chapter 154.

Appellant attempts to avoid the plain and ordinary meaning of the terms "other boats and vessels" by arguing that the definition provided in § 306.010 for the terms "motorboat" and "vessel" should apply. The pertinent portions of § 306.010 read as follows:

As used in this chapter the following terms are construed to have the following meanings, except in those instances where the context clearly indicates otherwise:

(1) "Motorboat", any vessel propelled by machinery, whether or not such machinery is a principal source of propulsion.

* * * * * *

(7) "Vessel", every motorboat and every description of motorized watercraft, and any watercraft more than twelve feet in length which is powered by sail alone or by a combination of sail and machinery, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water, but not any watercraft having as the only means of propulsion a paddle or oars.

Within this context, appellant argues that these barges would not fit within the definition of "motorboat" or "vessel" for purposes of § 306.010. Appellant's argument fails for a number of reasons.

First, § 306.010 does not define the term "other boats." Even if its definitions of motorboat ³ and vessel were applicable to the barges here, the barges nonetheless could be included under the "other boats" classification.

Second, the very language of § 306.010 specifies that the definitions therein are "[a]s used in this chapter." This is particularly noteworthy considering that § 154.010 preceded § 306.010. The legislature might have specifically provided that these definitions apply to other already existing statutes, or at least have avoided this type of limiting language, had it been its intention to do so.

Third, § 154.010 was enacted in 1879 and has not been revised....