State v. Alexander
| Decision Date | 22 August 2018 |
| Docket Number | Appellate Case No. 2016-002145,Opinion No. 27832 |
| Citation | 818 S.E.2d 455,424 S.C. 270 |
| Court | South Carolina Supreme Court |
| Parties | The STATE, Petitioner, v. Jennifer Lynn ALEXANDER, Respondent. |
General Counsel Marcus K. Gore, of the Department of Public Safety, of Blythewood, for Petitioner.
Norbert E. Cummings, Jr., and Henry Richard Schlein, both of The Cummings Law Firm, LLC, of Summerville, for Respondent.
This case stems from a municipal police officer responding to a 911 call received through his dispatch center regarding a report of a disabled vehicle. After arriving on the scene, the officer found the vehicle slightly off the roadway in a ditch. While the road was in the city limits, the officer learned the shoulder area of the roadway was beyond the city boundary. The officer, not knowing the condition of the alleged driver (Respondent), checked to ensure she was not in immediate distress. While doing so, the officer confirmed with dispatch that the disabled vehicle had come to rest a few feet outside of the city limits. Dispatch was informed of the need for a state trooper,1 as the officer suspected Respondent was intoxicated.
The officer remained on the scene, and although Respondent was not handcuffed or otherwise restrained, it is acknowledged that Respondent was not free to leave the scene, as she was detained by the officer. The state trooper arrived quickly and conducted field sobriety tests on Respondent.
Respondent was charged by the state trooper with Driving Under the Influence (DUI). The magistrate court granted Respondent's motion to dismiss the case, finding the officer lacked authority to detain Respondent because the vehicle came to rest outside the municipality's limits. On appeal, the State argued that the officer had the authority to detain Respondent pursuant to section 17-13-45 because it extends an officer's authority when he is responding "to a distress call or a request for assistance in an adjacent jurisdiction." S.C. Code Ann. § 17-13-45 (2014). We granted certiorari to review the court of appeals' decision, which held the statute did not apply to this case. State v. Alexander , Op. No. 2016-UP-377, 2016 WL 4013756 (S.C. Ct. App. filed July 27, 2016). We reverse the court of appeals' decision because section 17-13-45 provided the officer with authority to detain Respondent and we remand this case for further proceedings.
Just after 11:30 p.m., on July 29, 2013, a 911 call was routed to the City of Goose Creek Police Department (GCPD) and relayed a concerned citizen reporting a vehicle on the side of U.S. Highway 176. Because U.S. Highway 176 is within the City of Goose Creek's boundaries, Goose Creek Police Officer Hadden, while on duty and in uniform, was dispatched to the scene. Officer Hadden arrived on the scene within a few minutes in his marked vehicle.
Upon arrival, Officer Hadden observed that the vehicle appeared to be stuck in a ditch with its lights on, the driver's door open, and the engine still running without anyone inside the vehicle. The alleged driver, Respondent, was located on the other side of the vehicle, and she was the only person in the area. Then, Respondent crawled into the driver's seat of the vehicle. Due to Respondent's state of partial undress, Officer Hadden's initial concern was that Respondent might have been sexually assaulted. Respondent assured Officer Hadden that she was "okay" and explained that she had been relieving herself. Based on Respondent's demeanor, Officer Hadden suspected Respondent might be intoxicated.
Officer Hadden contacted dispatch to provide the address of the scene and confirm the precise boundary line of the city. It was confirmed that although the roadway was within the city limits of Goose Creek, the address of the property—encompassing the ditch adjacent to the roadway—was not within the city's jurisdiction. While awaiting the state trooper's arrival, Officer Hadden stayed with Respondent for approximately fifteen minutes. It is this period of time that is being construed as a detention by Officer Hadden.2
When the state trooper arrived, he told Officer Hadden that he believed GCPD had jurisdiction, but the state trooper decided to work the scene nevertheless. Subsequently, the state trooper administered field sobriety tests, arrested Respondent, and charged her with DUI, among other violations. Officer Hadden conducted no field sobriety tests and was not the arresting officer.
Prior to trial, Respondent filed several motions arguing, among other things, that because her vehicle was not located within the City of Goose Creek's limits, Officer Hadden had no authority to detain her until the state trooper arrived and therefore her charges should be dismissed. Relying on State v. McAteer , 340 S.C. 644, 532 S.E.2d 865 (2000), and State v. Boswell , 391 S.C. 592, 707 S.E.2d 265 (2011), the magistrate court agreed, finding Officer Hadden's detention of Respondent was unlawful and that dismissal of her charges, with prejudice, was therefore proper. On appeal, both the circuit court and the court of appeals affirmed. We issued a writ of certiorari to review the court of appeals' decision.
"Questions of statutory interpretation are questions of law, which are subject to de novo review and which we are free to decide without any deference to the court below." State v. Whitner , 399 S.C. 547, 552, 732 S.E.2d 861, 863 (2012).
Respondent argues that the court of appeals and the circuit court properly affirmed the magistrate court's dismissal of her charges; however, the State argues that the cases cited by Respondent are inapplicable here and fail to consider the authority provided under section 17-13-45 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. We agree with the State. As discussed below, the court of appeals erred by affirming the lower courts' decisions and holding that Respondent's initial detention was unlawful on the bases of State v. McAteer , 340 S.C. 644, 532 S.E.2d 865 (2000), and State v. Boswell , 391 S.C. 592, 707 S.E.2d 265 (2011).
The issue in this case is whether section 17-13-45, which extends an officer's authority when he responds to a distress call or request for assistance in an adjacent jurisdiction, applies when an officer responds to a 911 call received through his dispatch center to respond to an incident location, which is later determined to be mere feet beyond his jurisdiction. Under these circumstances, we hold section 17-13-45 extended the officer's authority beyond the city's limits to detain Respondent pending arrival of the state trooper.
"The jurisdiction of a municipal police officer, absent statutory authority, generally does not extend beyond the territorial limits of the municipality." State v. Harris , 299 S.C. 157, 159, 382 S.E.2d 925, 926 (1989) (footnote and citation omitted). However, there are some exceptions to this general rule, including "[w]hen a law enforcement officer responds to a distress call or a request for assistance in an adjacent jurisdiction, the authority, rights, privileges, and immunities ... applicable to an officer within the jurisdiction in which he is employed are extended to and include the adjacent jurisdiction." S.C. Code Ann. § 17-13-45 (2014).
"The cardinal rule of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the legislature." Whitner , 399 S.C. at 552, 732 S.E.2d at 863–64 (citing Sloan v. Hardee , 371 S.C. 495, 498, 640 S.E.2d 457, 459 (2007) ). "Absent an ambiguity, the court will look to the plain meaning of the words used to determine their effect." Whitner , 399 S.C. at 552, 732 S.E.2d at 864 (citing City of Rock Hill v. Harris , 391 S.C. 149, 155, 705 S.E.2d 53, 55 (2011) ).
The text of the statute is clear—"[w]hen a law enforcement officer responds to a distress call or a request for assistance in an adjacent jurisdiction, the authority ... applicable to an officer within the jurisdiction in which he is employed [is] extended to and include[s] the adjacent jurisdiction."...
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