State v. Cassells
| Decision Date | 31 January 2003 |
| Docket Number | No. 2D01-5606.,2D01-5606. |
| Citation | 835 So.2d 397 |
| Parties | STATE of Florida, Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. Gregory CASSELLS, Appellee/Cross-Appellant. |
| Court | Florida District Court of Appeals |
Charlie Crist, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Davis G. Anderson, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for Appellant.
James Marion Moorman, Public Defender, and Allyn M. Giambalvo, Assistant Public Defender, Bartow, for Appellee.
The State appeals an order suppressing evidence under the knock-and-announce rule, section 933.09, Florida Statutes (2001). We reverse because the initial announcement in this case was given to Gregory Cassells in the driveway of his home as he exited his car. Mr. Cassells accurately informed the deputies that the home was unoccupied. Under these circumstances, an entry only a few seconds after the subsequent announcement at the door is not a statutory violation justifying exclusion of the evidence against Mr. Cassells.
Mr. Cassells has cross-appealed a suppression issue as permitted by Lopez v. State, 638 So.2d 931 (Fla.1994). We dismiss that appeal without prejudice to his right to raise the issue on direct appeal. We conclude that an Anders brief should not be filed in a Lopez cross-appeal.
In May or early June 2001, a confidential informant working for the Highlands County Sheriff's Office purchased cocaine and marijuana at Mr. Cassells' residence in Avon Park, Florida. Based on this investigation, the sheriff obtained a search warrant to look for drugs and paraphernalia in the home. A few days later at approximately 7:30 p.m., a small group of deputies went to the home to conduct surveillance and execute the warrant, if possible. Upon arrival, the deputies observed that Mr. Cassells' car was not in the driveway and delayed execution of the warrant. Shortly thereafter, the officers recognized Mr. Cassells as he drove into the driveway. The deputies immediately pulled into the driveway behind Mr. Cassells's car. In addition to Mr. Cassells, there were three other occupants in the car, who were all young children. One of the deputies approached Mr. Cassells and informed him that they were there to execute a warrant. Another deputy took charge of the children to assure their safety during the search. As Mr. Cassells was exiting his car, he was asked if the home was occupied. Mr. Cassells stated that the house was unoccupied. The entry team then went to the front door. They knocked and announced, and waited approximately ten seconds before making a forceful entry into the home. No one was home. Thereafter, the warrant was read to Mr. Cassells, and he assisted the deputies in finding drugs and other contraband in the house.
Mr. Cassells filed a motion to suppress the evidence found during the search of his home. The trial court conducted a thorough hearing and entered a thoughtful order. Expressing some misgivings, the trial court concluded that the evidence must be suppressed because of this court's decision in Richardson v. State, 787 So.2d 906 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001). In Richardson, this court suppressed evidence when the police waited for only ten seconds before conducting a forceful entry into the home.
It might arguably assist the police if the legislature established waiting periods that presumptively satisfied section 933.09 under most sets of circumstances.1 As it stands, the courts actually set case-specific, minimum time standards that depend on all of the relevant circumstances.2 In Richardson, a ten-second wait at the front door was insufficient for a search of a home at 5:30 a.m. when the police clearly anticipated that the home was occupied. In Richardson, the police conducted the search in the dark, at a time when they reasonably expected that occupants would still be asleep. Even in a case involving a small home, an occupant could not reasonably be expected to open the door within ten seconds if he or she were asleep at the time of the knock.3
In this case, the officers arrived before dark at a time when they would expect any occupant to be awake. They confronted Mr. Cassells in the driveway. Not only did he claim that the home was unoccupied, but also the events in the front yard did not cause anyone to open the front door or exit the house. The witnesses' estimates of time varied, but approximately a minute elapsed from the time that the deputies first confronted Mr. Cassells until they entered the home. Thus, although the formal knock and announce at the door occurred only a few seconds before the door was forced open, the announcement to Mr. Cassells had occurred far earlier.
This statute does not contain any list of underlying policies nor does it mandate use of the exclusionary rule. The case law, however, typically justifies the use of the exclusionary rule to protect three underlying policies: (1) decreasing the risk of violence when executing a warrant, (2) protecting the privacy of the occupants of the home, and (3) preventing physical destruction of property. See State v. Bamber, 630 So.2d 1048 (Fla.1994) (citing 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 4.8(a) (2d ed.1987)). In this case, the information received from Mr. Cassells gave the deputies reason to believe that the risk of violence upon a civilian was low and that there were no occupants in the home with any expectation of privacy. As a practical matter, we know that the deputies could have waited longer and no one inside would have opened the door of this unoccupied house.
Thus, the primary underlying policy at issue in this case is the prevention of physical destruction of property. Mr. Cassells argues that the evidence located in the home should be suppressed because the deputies could have asked him for the key to the house and could have opened the door without damaging it. It is noteworthy that Mr. Cassells does not claim that he volunteered his key or urged them to use it before the door was forced open.
We do not wish to minimize the need for police to protect the physical property of citizens. On the other hand, we see little justification for the judiciary to create a "least destructive means" test that the police must pass to avoid the exclusionary rule. Any benefit derived from requiring the police to obtain and use keys during such entries in order to avoid risk of damage to doors could easily be offset by the increased risk of injury to the officers executing the warrant.
Accordingly, we reverse the order suppressing the evidence that was located in the home and remand for further proceedings.
Although the trial court granted that part of Mr. Cassells' motion to suppress that relied upon the knock-and-announce rule, it denied another portion of the motion that sought to exclude drug paraphernalia Mr. Cassells tried to discard while being detained by the officers outside his home. Mr. Cassells has filed a timely cross-appeal of this suppression issue. The cross-appeal is authorized by the rule announced in Lopez v. State, 638 So.2d 931 (Fla.1994). However, Mr. Cassells' appellate attorney found no merit in the issue and filed an Anders brief.
The Anders procedures are necessary in final appeals because the defendant has a constitutional right to a final appeal, but the attorney is ethically prohibited from submitting frivolous arguments. See In re Anders Briefs, 581 So.2d 149 (Fla. 1991); Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 742, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967). In the context of a final appeal, the client has no future remedy if the lawyer dismisses the appeal. We question whether the Anders procedure is appropriate in this context.4
The cross-appeal permitted by the rule announced in Lopez is an unusual cross-appeal. Lopez allows the defendant in a criminal case to cross-appeal an issue in a nonfinal appeal initiated by the State so long as the defendant's issue is related to the State's issue and the adverse ruling is memorialized in the same order that the State seeks to review. This rule permits the defendant to cross-appeal an issue at a time when the defendant would have no right to initiate a nonfinal appeal. See Fla. R.App. P. 9.140(b). Thus, a Lopez cross-appeal expands the appellate court's scope of review to include an...
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State v. Pruitt
...less than five seconds are rarely deemed adequate, and periods in excess of fifteen seconds are often adequate." State v. Cassells, 835 So.2d 397, 399 n. 2 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003); see also Richardson, 787 So.2d at 907 (holding that ten-second wait before forcible entry into cocaine dealer's hom......
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Falcon v. State
...excess of fifteen seconds are often adequate.’ " Spradley v. State, 933 So.2d 51, 55 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (quoting State v. Cassells, 835 So.2d 397, 399 n.2 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) ) (second alteration in original). "[T]he question is whether the officer has waited a sufficient period, under all o......
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Spradley v. State
...less than five seconds are rarely deemed adequate, and periods in excess of fifteen seconds are often adequate." State v. Cassells, 835 So.2d 397, 399 n. 2 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003); see also United States v. Banks, 540 U.S. 31, 124 S.Ct. 521, 157 L.Ed.2d 343 (2003) (holding officers' forcible ent......
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