State v. Edwards, 27651.
| Decision Date | 15 November 1929 |
| Docket Number | No. 27651.,27651. |
| Citation | 178 Minn. 446,227 N.W. 495 |
| Parties | STATE v. EDWARDS. |
| Court | Minnesota Supreme Court |
Case Certified from District Court, Brown County; A. H. Enersen, Judge.
Prosecution by the State against E. W. Edwards. Demurrer to indictment was overruled, and questions certified to Supreme Court. Reversed.
An indictment charging grand larceny, arising out of the sale of Minnesota corporate stock, wherein the defendant knowingly and falsely represented that the stock was not subject to assessment after the purchase price was paid, fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a public offense because the misrepresentation relates to a matter of law. John Coan, of Minneapolis, and Somsen, Dempsey & Flor, of New Ulm, for appellant.
G. A. Youngquist, Atty. Gen., and T. O. Streissguth, Co. Atty., of New Ulm, for the State.
The trial court overruled a demurrer to an indictment, and, as authorized by G. S. 1923, § 10756, certified to this court the question to be important and doubtful.
The indictment is based upon our larceny statute. It arises out of the sale of corporate stock in a solvent Minnesota corporation. The sole accusation is that defendant knowingly made the false representation that the stock was not assessable after the purchase price was paid. Under our Constitution, each stockholder in any corporation, except those organized for the purpose of carrying on any kind of manufacturing or mechanical business, shall be liable to the amount of stock held or owned by him. Article 10, § 3. It is not claimed that the corporation involved is included in the exception.
1. In civil actions the rule is that a misrepresentation as to a matter of law cannot constitute remediable or actionable fraud. Miller v. Osterlund, 154 Minn. 495, 191 N. W. 919; 12 C. J. 1207, § 106; First Nat. Bank v. Schirmer, 134 Minn. 387, 159 N. W. 800;Pieh v. Flitton, 170 Minn. 29, 211 N. W. 964; 14 Am. & Eng. Enc. of Law (2d Ed.) 54; Upton v. Tribilcock, 91 U. S. 45, 23 L. Ed. 203;Coddington v. P. & G. R. Co., 103 U. S. 409, 26 L. Ed. 400;Mutual L. Ins. Co. v. Phinney, 178 U. S. 327, 20 S. Ct. 906, 44 L. Ed. 1088;Security Sav. Bank v. Kellems (Mo. App.) 274 S. W. 112;Burns v. Mills, 82 Ind. App. 621, 147 N. E. 300;Gormely v. Gymnastic Ass'n, 55 Wis. 350, 13 N. W. 242;Easton-Taylor Trust Co. v. Loker (Mo. App.) 205 S. W. 87; 12 R. C. L. 295; Claxton Bank v. Smith, 34 Ga. App. 265, 129 S. E. 142;Security Sav. Bank v. Kellems (Mo. Sup.) 9 S.W.(2d) 967;Horton v. Foley, 94 Okl. 9, 220 P. 907;Allgood v. Tarkio El. & Water Co. (Mo. App.) 6 S.W. (2d) 51;McDonald v. Smith, 95 Ark. 523, 130 S. W. 515;Wicks v. Metcalf, 83 Or. 687, 163 P. 434, 988, L. R. A. 1918A, 493;White v. Harrigan, 77 Okl. 123, 186 P. 224, 9 A. L. R. 1041. See Stidham et al. v. Cicero Smith Lumber Co. (Tex. Civ. App.) 257 S. W. 628;Haviland v. So. Cal. Edison Co., 172 Cal. 601, 608, 158 P. 328.
In looking for the foundation for the rule, it is sometimes said that every one is presumed to know the law. This maxim has but little support in fact. But it merely means that ignorance of the law is no excuse. Indeed it is a necessary principle or rule lying at the foundation of government. This rule sounds in policy. The only way to sustain the administration of justice is to say that ignorance of the criminal law is an insufficient excuse for its violation. It is best to adopt the theory that the rights and responsibility of every one shall be the same as if he, in fact, knew the law. Ordinary vigilance will disclose the truth or falsehood of representations as to matters of law. Perhaps the rule does not apply as to the law of another state. Wood v. Roeder, 50 Neb. 476, 70 N. W. 21;Epp v. Hinton, 91 Kan. 513, 138 P. 576, L. R. A. 1915A, 675; 26 C. J. 1211, § 107; Van Slochem v. Villard, 207 N. Y. 587, 101 N. E. 467. It does not apply when the relation of trust and confidence is involved. It is sufficient for present purposes to state that the general rule, which controls in this case, may be rendered inapplicable by peculiar facts and circumstances. Miller v. Osterlund, 154 Minn. 495, 191 N. W. 919;Rosenberg v. Cyrowski, 227 Mich. 508, 198 N. W. 905;Jekshewitz v. Groswald (Mass.) 164 N. E. 609. Much depends upon whether the parties deal on equal terms. Schneider v. Schneider, 125 Iowa, 1, 98 N. W. 159. Here they did.
This rule of policy or procedural convenience which exists out of necessity will not permit one to rely upon statements as to what the law will not permit to be done. 12 R. C. L. 295; 25 C. J. 601; 26 C. J. 1207; People v. Klock, 55 Misc. Rep. 46, 106 N. Y. S. 267;State v. Jamison, 268 Mo. 185, 186 S. W. 972;Van Slochem v. Villard, 207 N. Y. 587, 101 N. E. 467; 3 Dunnell's Minn. Dig. § 3825. This court, in Miller v. Osterlund, 154 Minn. 495, 191 N. W. 919, in discussing this rule, said: ‘This rule is applied with propriety in cases where a party makes representations * * * as to liability on a certificate of stock in a corporation.’ In Rogan v. Ill. Trust & Sav Bank, 93 Ill. App. 39, it was held that no cause of action arises or can be predicated upon a misrepresentation of the law as to whether certain stock in a corporation being offered for sale is or is not liable to assessment, as it is presumed that the law is equally within the knowledge of all.
It was conceded upon argument that the misrepresentation related to a matter of law. The trial court so understood the question, and, among other things, said: ‘The question then is whether a misrepresentation as to an existing law whereby another is induced to purchase stock and thereby damaged because of subsequent assessment of stock, is a crime- can be made the basis for an indictment.’ Such a representation is one relating to a matter of law. Van Slochem v. Villard, 207 N. Y. 587, 101 N. E. 467;Windram v. French, 151 Mass. 547, 24 N. E. 914,8 L. R. A. 750.
A false misrepresentation is to be measured or weighed by its effects as indicated in State v. Southall, 77 Minn. 296, 79 N. W. 1007. But the language there used had reference to statements of facts which in law were sufficient to constitute fraud. Stress is laid upon Ryan v. State, 104 Ga. 78, 30 S. E. 678, wherein the court held the maxim, Ignorantia legis neminem excusat, inapplicable.
A few cases hold that a representation that stock is ‘nonassessable’ is to be construed as an assertion that such things had been done as were required by the particular state law to be done in order to make the stock rightfully exempt from further assessment, that being possible. Windram v. French, supra; Merchants' Realty, etc., Co. v. Kelso, 46 Cal. App. 218, 189 P. 116. Perhaps Miller v. Osterlund, supra, rests upon a similar theory, which is that whether certain things, necessary to that end, had been done, was a question of fact. As stated in Browne v. San Gabriel River Rock Co., 22 Cal. App. 682, 136 P. 542, 543, and quoted in Merchants' Realty, etc., Co. v. Kelso, supra: “a representation that the stock of a corporation is nonassessable should be held to be an assurance that the corporation has taken whatever steps that are necessary to effectually waive its right to levy the assessments provided for by the statute, and this representation would be one of fact and not of law.” Here, as obviously understood by all in the lower court, the representation related to a judicial construction of the articles of incorporation so as to ascertain whether an assessment could be imposed because of the constitutional liability. This question was not dependent upon whether this act or that act had been in fact performed. In the case at bar, the corporation could not waive the constitutional liability. Indeed we have repeatedly held that, unless it appears from the articles of incorporation that the corporation was organized for the exclusively exempt purpose, the constitutional assessment may be imposed. 2 Dunnell's Minn. Dig. § 2080C, note 58. The meaning of the articles from this viewpoint is one of law. We would not say that such a question was for a jury. We are of the opinion that the authorities lead to a reversal.
Reversed.
The alleged misrepresentation was as to the status under the law of a corporation and its stock. That status...
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