State v. Hall

• Decision Date: 19 March 1979
• Docket Number: No. 3211-II,3211-II
• Parties: The STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Richard E. HALL, Appellant.
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 862

22 Wn.App. 862

593 P.2d 554

The STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Richard E. HALL, Appellant.

No. 3211-II.

Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 2.

March 19, 1979.

John H. Hill, III, (Appointed), Tacoma, for appellant.

Donald F. Herroon, Pros. Atty., Joseph D. Mladinov, Senior Deputy Pros. Atty., Tacoma, for respondent.

PEARSON, Chief Judge.

Defendant, Richard Edward Hall, having been charged with second-degree arson, appeals his conviction by a Pierce County jury for the lesser-included crime of first-degree reckless burning, RCW 9A.48.040. The charge stemmed from a railroad trestle fire near McKenna, Washington, on August 5, 1977.

On appeal he claims two instructional errors and accuses the State of withholding and failing to preserve evidence. We find no substantial merit to these claims and affirm the conviction. The essential factual setting follows.

Defendant, a high school senior, left home after having an argument with his father. He stayed with one friend for 2 days, and then spent the night of August 4, 1977, in a trailer house behind Allen Burns' home in Roy, Washington. The only clothing defendant had with him was a T-shirt, jeans, and shoes.

Defendant testified that on the morning of August 5, he set out for a walk along the railroad tracks heading toward McKenna. He came to the wooden trestle over the Nisqually River and decided to walk down to the river bank. He stated that at around 10:30 a. m. he started a fire in order to keep warm. It was chilly and windy by the river, he said, and shady under the bridge.

By his own testimony, he built the fire approximately one foot away from a creosote-soaked support timber of the trestle, then left the fire unattended while he went to throw stones into the river. After about a minute or minute and a half, he noticed the trestle support ablaze. He attempted unsuccessfully to extinguish the fire by throwing sand on it.

On cross-examination, he admitted that he knew from his experience as a volunteer fireman that the trestle timbers were soaked with creosote and that creosote is highly flammable.

The State produced a number of witnesses who all testified that the weather near the time of the fire was very warm (approximately 80o F.) and there was little wind. Several testified there was no shade in the immediate vicinity of the fire.

Expert witnesses testified that the warm weather conditions caused the creosote to ooze from the timber pores, creating a very high fire danger. The State also brought forth the fact that defendant fled the area after the fire and did not report his part in starting the fire to the police for several weeks.

Defendant's first claim of error relates to the portion of the elements instruction which defined the requisite mental state for first-degree reckless burning.

The instruction required the jury to find:

(1) that defendant caused a fire on August 5, 1977;

(2) that the fire damaged a bridge or trestle;

(3) that defendant acted Knowingly and recklessly.

RCW 9A.48.040 defines the crime as follows:

(1) A person is guilty of reckless burning in the first degree if he Recklessly damages a building or other structure . . . by Knowingly causing a fire . . .

(Italics ours.)

WPIC, 11 Wash.Prac. 83.02 (1977) recommends that the elements instruction for first-degree reckless burning should provide:

(3) That the defendant Knowingly caused the (fire) . . .

(4) That the defendant Recklessly caused the damage . . .

(Italics ours.) Although the trial court's instruction does not follow either the statute or WPIC, it nevertheless states the law beneficially to the defendant and is not misleading. Cf. Bradley v. Maurer, 17 Wash.App. 24, 560 P.2d 719 (1977) (use of pattern instructions is preferred, although not required). It requires the jury to find that defendant knowingly and recklessly caused the fire that damaged the trestle. There is no lessening in the degree of mental culpability. In fact the instruction required the State to assume a more stringent burden of showing both mental elements (knowing and reckless) were involved in the damage as well as causation.

The trial court has considerable discretion in wording instructions. If they are readily understood and not misleading to the ordinary mind, and if counsel may satisfactorily argue his theory to the jury, the instructions are sufficient. State v. Alexander, 7 Wash.App. 329, 499 P.2d 263 (1972). We find no error.

Next, defendant complains of the trial court's refusal to give a proposed instruction defining criminal negligence. He claims this refusal deprived him of arguing his theory that a Negligently set fire would not be sufficient to establish the Recklessness element of the offense.

Under RCW 9A.08.010 four kinds of culpability are generally defined: intent, knowledge, recklessness, and criminal negligence. ¹ The trial court gave the statutory definitions of malice, intent, knowledge, and recklessness because these are the mental culpability states required for second-degree arson and first-degree reckless burning. The trial court also gave a definition of "accident" to the jury and further instructed that the law presumes a fire to be caused by accident unless there is competent evidence to the contrary. However, the court refused to give a definition of criminal negligence. We find no error in this refusal.

A trial court is not required to give every instruction requested by the defendant which supports his theory of the case. The instructions are sufficient if they allow the defendant to satisfactorily argue his case. State v. Dana, 73 Wash.2d 533, 439 P.2d 403 (1968).

The trial court's instructions properly defined the state of mind requisite to a finding of guilty, and permitted the defendant to argue that there was a reasonable doubt as to these elements. A trial court is not required to give negative instructions as to matters that will Not support a conviction. State v. Bell, 83 Wash.2d 383, 518 P.2d 696 (1974).

One of the witnesses, Robert Larson, was called as a witness both by the prosecution and later by the defense. This witness had told the prosecutor in a pretrial interview that defendant had told him that the fire was an accident and that he (the witness) would be subpoenaed and had better tell the truth.

This conversation was not revealed to the defense prior to the trial. Defendant contends this conversation constituted evidence favorable to him and should have been disclosed. CrR 4.5.

We agree that the prosecutor should reveal to the defense counsel any exculpatory statements made by the defendant. CPR DR 7-103(B). However, we find no prejudice to defendant from this omission. Since this statement came from the defendant, the prosecutor would have no reason to believe the evidence was unknown to him. See State v. Johnson, 12 Wash.App. 548, 530 P.2d 662 (1975). Furthermore, defense counsel was able to elicit this "exculpatory" statement from the witness during cross-examination.

Finally, defendant contends he was...