State v. Hillock

• Decision Date: 06 April 1978
• Citation: 384 A.2d 437
• Parties: STATE of Maine v. John B. HILLOCK and George E. Robertson.
• Court: Maine Supreme Court

Page 437

384 A.2d 437

STATE of Maine v. John B. HILLOCK and George E. Robertson.

Supreme Judicial Court of Maine.

April 6, 1978.

Frank F. Harding, Dist. Atty., James W. Gallagher, Asst. Dist. Atty., Belfast, for plaintiff.

James E. Mitchell, Augusta (orally), for defendants.

Before McKUSICK, C. J., and POMEROY, WERNICK, ARCHIBALD and GODFREY, JJ.

POMEROY, Justice.

These appeals ¹ come to us after the appellants had been convicted of "night hunting ", 12 M.R.S.A. § 2455. The appeals (1) attack the sufficiency of the indictments; (2) attack the constitutionality, as applied, of 12 M.R.S.A. § 3051.1; and (3) attack the constitutionality of 12 M.R.S.A. § 3051.1 on its face.

In addition, numerous trial errors are alleged.

We deny the appeals.

The facts are not seriously in dispute. They may be summarized as follows:

Sometime in the evening of October 30, 1976, the appellants were seen riding in a truck on the Bog Road in Albion, Maine. Appellant Hillock had recently purchased a wood lot in Unity, Maine which was located in close proximity to where they were seen. At about the time the truck was seen on Bog Road, three game wardens were on Bog Road investigating a report that "night hunters " were in the area.

At that time and place, Warden Ford was wearing the uniform of a warden of the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. As the appellants' truck approached him, Warden Ford signaled the driver of the truck to stop.

After the truck was stopped, Warden Ford had a conversation with both appellants. One of the appellants testified that Warden Ford told him "that they were checking vehicles and that they were chasing and attempting to arrest night hunters ". The appellants explained to the Warden that they were out on Bog Road only to familiarize themselves with the area since Hillock had only recently bought the wood lot in Albion.

At that time, Warden Ford observed a shotgun and a portable spotlight in plain view in the cab of the truck. Warden Ford then told appellants if they "got caught coming out of the field with the equipment in there, that they would be charged with night hunting ". Hillock suggested that it would be better if he put the shotgun in a case which he said he had in the truck. Warden Ford agreed that that was the prudent thing to do. With this warning appellants were released and they went upon their way.

Later that night Warden Ford, another warden and a "trainee " were driving on Route 9 in Unity when they observed automobile lights which later turned out to be the lights of the same truck Warden Ford had earlier stopped on Bog Road. At the time he observed the lights, the truck was being driven on a dirt road approaching Route 9. As he watched the course of the vehicle, he saw it reach the intersection of Route 9 and then proceed in a southerly direction on Route 9. The wardens, who were proceeding northerly, pulled directly in front of the approaching truck, turned on the blue flashing light and stopped the truck. As he approached the truck on foot, Warden Ford recognized the occupants of the truck as the appellants whom he had stopped earlier. He then saw in plain view the shotgun and the spotlight almost exactly where they had been earlier when he stopped the truck in Albion.

Warden Ford immediately placed the appellants under arrest and read them the warning required to be given by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). The wardens then searched the truck and found, in addition to the gun and spotlight, a hunting knife and sheath, one small flashlight, ammunition of various descriptions suitable for use in guns and pistols, including five "00" shotgun shells, and two 12-gauge rifle slugs. The wardens took possession of the shotgun, the lights, the shotgun shells, the knife and the sheath.

Although appellant Robertson requested of the Warden that he give a receipt for the items taken, no receipt was given.

Indictment, trial, conviction, entry of judgment and the two appeals to this court followed.

There is no question but that the appellants did all that was required of them to raise and preserve for appellate review the issues now before us.

The indictments alleged that

"on or about the 31st of October 1976 at Unity, County of Waldo and State of Maine, did then and there unlawfully hunt wild animals, other than raccoons, after one half hour after sunset of October 30, 1976 and before one half hour before sunrise of October 31, 1976 to wit: 1:00 A.M."

Appellants remind us that in State v. Allen, 151 Me. 486, 489, 121 A.2d 342, 344 (1956), this Court set forth the "elements " necessary for night hunting, said elements being four in number. We were likewise informed that the catalog of elements found in "Allen " was expressly approved in State v. Vicniere, 152 Me. 293, 128 A.2d 851 (1957), and was alluded to in State v. Pike, Me., 306 A.2d 145 (1973). See also State v. Pottle, Me., 384 A.2d 55 (1978).

Noting that the indictments in the case now before us nowhere alleged the existence of these "elements ", appellants argue the indictments are fatally defective because of the lack of such allegations.

In State v. Munsey, 114 Me. 408, 410, 96 A. 729, 729-30 (1916), this Court said

"It is an elementary rule of criminal pleading that every fact or circumstance which is a necessary ingredient in a prima facie case of guilt must be set out in the complaint or indictment. It has been also frequently declared that in complaints or indictments charging violation of a statutory offense it is sufficient to charge the offense in the language of the statute without further description, providing the language of the statute fully sets out the facts which constitute the offense. Again, it has been held that the complaint or indictment is sufficient if it should state all the elements necessary to constitute the offense either in the words of the statute or in language which is its substantial equivalent."

The statute appellants are charged with having violated reads in part as follows:

"It shall be unlawful to hunt wild animals from 1/2 hour after sunset until 1/2 hour before sunrise of the following morning except raccoons, as provided in chapters 301 to 337. For the purpose of this section, the time shall be that which is recognized as legal in the State of Maine. Except that it shall be unlawful to hunt wild animals in the State from sunset to 1/2 hour before sunrise of the following morning, except raccoons, during the open season on deer hunting with firearms each year." 12 M.R.S.A. § 2455.

The offense charged is one made a crime by statute. We note the indictment substantially tracks the language of the statute. What is prohibited by the statute is hunting wild animals at the time described by statute i. e. "between 1/2 hour after sunset until 1/2 hour before sunrise of the following morning."

The term "hunting " means the act of searching, pursuing or chasing game. State v. Meinken, 10 N.J. 348, 91 A.2d 721 (1952).

The four "elements " mentioned in Allen, Vicniere and Pike are the elements which must be established to demonstrate guilt of night hunting. These are not "elements " in the sense that that term is used, for example, in both the opinion by Mr. Justice Powell and the concurring opinion by Mr. Justice Rehnquist in Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975). An indictment which charges, in the language of the statute, that one did unlawfully hunt wild animals in legal effect, charges him with searching for, pursuing or chasing wild animals with a "purpose to search, find and possess game ".

As we said in State v. Vicniere, supra, guilt of night hunting is demonstrated by evidence, direct or circumstantial, or both, sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the respondent was in the area of the offense charged which area is one where deer are known to resort; that the time was nighttime as distinguished from daytime and within the limits set by statute and that there were available certain instrumentalities, that is, a light, a gun and ammunition, and back of this a purpose to search, find and possess the animal (other than raccoons) if opportunity presented itself. ²

By alleging as it did that the respondents did unlawfully hunt wild animals other than raccoons 1/2 hour after sunset until 1/2 hour before sunrise of the following morning, to wit: 1:00 A.M., the indictment was legally sufficient to charge the offense described in 12 M.R.S.A. §...