State v. Loughridge

• Citation: 395 S.W.3d 605
• Decision Date: 25 February 2013
• Docket Number: No. SD 31877.,SD 31877.
• Parties: STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff–Respondent, v. Tammy Elaine LOUGHRIDGE, Defendant–Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Missouri (US)

395 S.W.3d 605

STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff–Respondent,

v.Tammy Elaine LOUGHRIDGE, Defendant–Appellant.

No. SD 31877.

Missouri Court of Appeals, Southern District, Division Two.

Feb. 25, 2013.

Rosalynn Koch of Columbia, MO, for Appellant.

Chris Koster, Atty. Gen., Andrew C. Hooper, Asst. Atty. Gen., of Kansas City, MO, for Respondent.

JEFFREY W. BATES, J.

Following a bench trial, Tammy Elaine Loughridge (Defendant) was convicted of two counts of endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree, a class C felony. See§ 568.045.¹ The trial court sentenced Defendant to serve concurrent five-year sentences.² On appeal, Defendant challenges the denial of her motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of all of the evidence. She contends the evidence was insufficient for the trial court to reasonably find that Defendant knowingly created a substantial risk to the health of her minor children when she forced them to undress and photographed them with their genitals exposed. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Standard of Review

In a court-tried criminal case, the court's findings have the force and effect of a jury verdict. Rule 27.01(b); State v. Crawford, 68 S.W.3d 406, 408 (Mo. banc 2002). Accordingly, the standard used to review the sufficiency of the evidence in a court-tried and a jury-tried criminal case is the same. State v. Fraga, 189 S.W.3d 585, 586 (Mo.App.2006). The function of the reviewing court is not to reweigh the evidence, but only to determine whether the judgment is supported by sufficient evidence. State v. Burse, 231 S.W.3d 247, 251 (Mo.App.2007). Thus, our role is limited to a determination of whether the state presented sufficient evidence from which a trier of fact reasonably could have found the defendant guilty. State v. Vandevere, 175 S.W.3d 107, 108 (Mo. banc 2005). “The State may prove its case by presenting either direct or circumstantial evidence connecting the defendant to each element of the crime.” State v. Howell, 143 S.W.3d 747, 752 (Mo.App.2004). This is not an assessment of whether this Court believes that the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but rather a question of whether, in light of the evidence most favorable to the State, any rational fact-finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Liberty, 370 S.W.3d 537, 542–43 (Mo. banc 2012). When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court accepts as true all of the evidence favorable to the State, including all favorable inferences drawn from the evidence. Id. at 543. All contrary evidence and inferences are disregarded. Id.

Factual Background

Viewing the record in accordance with the applicable standard of review, the followingevidence was presented at trial. In June 2009, Defendant resided in a home with her two sons, R.C. and J.L., and a friend named Bobbie Jo Scheel (Scheel). R.C. was eleven, and J.L. was eight. Defendant's ex-boyfriend, Bruce Duncan (Duncan), also sometimes stayed there.

Defendant, who was angry at Duncan, wanted to take photographs to put in his truck so he would get sent to prison. Scheel assisted Defendant in carrying out that plan. Defendant told R.C. and J.L. that she was going to take pictures of them. She got her camera, spread out a sheet on her living room floor and told R.C. and J.L. to remove their clothes. Defendant took photographs of R.C. and J.L. while they were “touching each other sexually” with their genitals exposed.³ Defendant and Scheel told the boys what to do. R.C. got angry and said “No” because he did not want Defendant to take the pictures. It bothered him to be photographed naked. Eventually, however, the children complied and did what they were told to do.

Both boys were receiving counseling services from Dina Vitoux (Vitoux), a licensed clinical social worker. Her primary specialty was working with child sexual abuse victims. In 2009, Vitoux had individual counseling sessions with R.C. and J.L. two or three times a month. At one session in October 2009, R.C. started to say something and then stopped because he was afraid. After receiving reassurance from Vitoux, R.C. said that Defendant and Scheel had taken pictures of R.C. and J.L. touching each other sexually while naked. In March 2010, J.L. also told Vitoux about the same incident. J.L. was “very fearful and uncomfortable” while talking about those events. In Vitoux's opinion, the June 2009 incident harmed the children by adversely affecting their mental health. Each child was acting out sexually and had difficulty learning appropriate rules of sexual touching. J.L. was confused and fearful that an adult about whom he cared might ask him to do something he was not supposed to do. He was diagnosed as having ADHD, and he suffered from educational delays and speech issues. After R.C. disclosed that incident to Vitoux, his inappropriate sexual behaviors “escalated greatly” and resulted in him being taken out of his foster home and placed in residential care. He was diagnosed as having post-traumatic stress disorder and ADHD.

In late October 2009, a sheriff's deputy interviewed Defendant. After the deputy explained what the children had said about the incident, Defendant said she “couldn't recall anything of that nature occurring.” She denied ever taking any photographs of her children in the nude. The next day, Defendant asked to speak with the deputy again. This time, Defendant recalled the incident the deputy had described. Defendant said Scheel was the one who took naked pictures of the children. Defendant said “she was uncomfortable with this but she went along with it and stood there while the pictures were being taken.”

Discussion and Decision

On appeal, Defendant contends the evidence is insufficient to support her convictions for violating § 568.045. “A person commits the crime of endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree if ... [t]he person knowingly acts in a manner that creates a substantial risk to the life, body, or health of a child less than seventeenyears old.” § 568.045.1(1). The four elements the State must prove in order to convict a defendant of first-degree child endangerment are: “(1) the defendant engaged in conduct, (2) in so doing, the defendant created a substantial risk to the life, body, or health of a child, (3) the victim was less than seventeen years old, and (4) the defendant acted knowingly with respect to the facts and circumstances.” State v. Short, 186 S.W.3d 828, 830–31 (Mo.App.2006); see State v. Osborn, 318 S.W.3d 703, 712 (Mo.App.2010). Defendant argues that: (1) there was no evidence that taking the photographs created a risk to the children's health, as required by § 568.045; and (2) there was no evidence Defendant was aware the children would be damaged by having such photographs taken of them. We disagree.

We first address Defendant's argument that the evidence was insufficient to prove she created a substantial risk to the health of R.C. and J.L. by photographing them naked. Defendant claims that § 568.045.1(1) “specifically relates to physical conditions—by prohibiting actions that create a risk to the life or body of the child.” We find no merit in this argument.

“The primary rule of statutory interpretation requires this Court to ascertain the intent of the legislature by considering the language used while giving the words used in the statute their plain and ordinary meaning.” Benoit v. Missouri Hwy. and Transp. Comm'n, 33 S.W.3d 663, 673 (Mo.App.2000); State v. Carroll, 165 S.W.3d 597, 602 (Mo.App.2005). “Where the legislative intent is made evident by giving the language employed in the statute its plain and ordinary meaning, we are without authority to read into the statute an intent, which is contrary thereto.” State v. Brushwood, 171 S.W.3d 143, 147 (Mo.App.2005); State v. Slavens, 375 S.W.3d 915, 917 (Mo.App.2012). “When interpreting a statute, this Court must give meaning to every word or phrase of the legislative enactment.” State v. Moore, 303 S.W.3d 515, 520 (Mo. banc 2010).

The legislature used the word “health” in § 568.045 without providing a statutory definition. In the absence of such a definition, “words will be given their plain and ordinary meaning as derived from the dictionary.” State v. Oliver, 293 S.W.3d 437, 446 (Mo. banc 2009). “Health” is “the condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit [.]” Merriam–Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 574 (11th ed.2005). “Health” also is defined as “[t]he state of being sound or whole in body, mind or soul.” Black's Law Dictionary 721 (8th ed.2004). As these dictionary definitions illustrate, the plain and ordinary meaning of “health” is broad enough to encompass a person's mental, emotional or psychological condition. Therefore, Defendant's argument that “health” only refers to physical conditions is incorrect. Furthermore, § 568.045 proscribes conduct “that creates a substantial risk to the life, body, or health” of a child. Id. The use of the words “life” and “body” plainly refers to the risk of physical harm or injury. Interpreting the additional word “health” in the manner advocated by Defendant would render that term redundant and, therefore, superfluous. This we cannot do, as we are required to interpret the statute in a fashion that gives meaning to each of those three distinct terms. See Moore, 303 S.W.3d at 520. For these reasons, we find no merit in Defendant's argument that the word “health” in § 568.045 refers only to a child's physical conditions.⁴

We find additional support for this conclusion in State v. Hunter, 939 S.W.2d 542 (Mo.App.1997), which was decided by the eastern district of this Court. Hunter, who had forced six-year-old M.B. to drink a small glass of malt liquor, was convicted of endangering the welfare of a child in violation of § 568.045. On appeal, Hunter challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. Id. at...