State v. Mireles

• Decision Date: 15 December 1999
• Docket Number: No. 25035.,25035.
• Parties: STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Mayolo Cruz MIRELES, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Idaho Court of Appeals

991 P.2d 878

133 Idaho 690

STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Mayolo Cruz MIRELES, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 25035.

Court of Appeals of Idaho.

December 15, 1999.

Wiebe Fouser, Canyon County Public Defenders; Thomas A. Sullivan, Deputy Public Defender, Caldwell, for appellant.

Hon. Alan G. Lance, Attorney General; Alison A. Stieglitz, Deputy Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.

SCHWARTZMAN, Judge.

Mayolo Cruz Mireles pled guilty to felony driving under the influence of alcohol, I.C. §§ 18-8004, 18-8005(5). On appeal from the judgment of conviction, he argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained after Canyon County Sheriff's Deputy Hulse stopped his patrol car, turned on his emergency lights and contacted Mireles to see if he was alright after observing Mireles abruptly pull his Ford Bronco to the shoulder of the road and park it partly in the traffic lane. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On May 6, 1998, Canyon County Sheriff's Deputy Hulse was radioed about suspicious activity involving a vehicle, a two-toned Ford Bronco, on Rose Lane at 1:22 a.m. There had been several calls about a vehicle that did not belong in that neighborhood and had stopped several times with a person getting out and then going back inside. About ten minutes later, Hulse located and followed the Bronco for a quarter of a mile. The Bronco abruptly pulled over to the shoulder of the road, stopping with half of the vehicle still in the traffic lane. Hulse also pulled his patrol car over to the side of the road and then activated his emergency lights, intending to find out whether the motorist needed assistance.

Hulse approached to see whether the driver was alright, and upon looking inside the Bronco, saw six open beer bottles and six full bottles scattered about the passenger compartment. Suspecting that the driver might be under the influence of alcohol, and being unsuccessful in his attempts to have the driver roll down the window, Hulse opened the passenger side door and immediately smelled alcohol. The driver, whose Idaho ID card identified him as Mireles, admitted to being intoxicated and not possessing a valid driver's license. Mireles was then arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI).

Mireles was charged with felony DUI, I.C. §§ 18-8004, 18-8005(5). He filed a motion to suppress, asserting that Hulse lacked reasonable suspicion to stop his vehicle, and further argued that if Hulse stopped to assist him, then Hulse acted improperly by turning on his emergency lights instead of his hazard lights. The state responded that turning on the emergency lights was necessary to protect the officer from other drivers on the road.

The district court denied the suppression motion, explaining that Mireles had pulled over and stopped his car, that the stop had been voluntary and that Mireles had not been detained by Hulse. Thereafter, Mireles pled guilty to felony DUI, preserving his right to appeal the order denying his motion to suppress. We affirm.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard Of Review

Ordinarily, in reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we employ a bifurcated standard. State v. Abeyta, 131 Idaho 704, 708, 963 P.2d 387, 391 (Ct.App.1998). We accept the trial court's findings of fact that are supported by substantial evidence and "freely review the application of constitutional principles to the facts as found." Id., quoting State v. Kilby, 130 Idaho 747, 749, 947 P.2d 420, 422 (Ct.App.1997) (citations omitted). Here, neither party disputes the facts presented at the hearing on the motion to suppress. Thus, we exercise free review in determining whether the police encounter was one permitted under the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution. State v. Pick, 124 Idaho 601, 604, 861 P.2d 1266, 1269 (Ct.App.1993).

B. Deputy Hulse's Use Of Emergency Lights Constituted A Technical Detention, But Was Reasonable Under The Circumstances And Did Not Amount To An Illegal Detention Under The Community Caretaking Function.

Mireles argues that he was seized without reasonable suspicion when Hulse stopped behind him and turned on the patrol car's emergency lights. He asserts that I.C. § 49-1404 prohibits a motorist from driving away from a police officer who has given a visual signal to stop by use of the police car's emergency lights. The district court, analogizing this case to State v. Pick, 124 Idaho 601, 861 P.2d 1266 (Ct.App.1993), found that Mireles had voluntarily pulled over and that Hulse had simply stopped to investigate what might be the trouble. The court then concluded that Mireles had not been detained, and thus there could be no infringement of his constitutional rights.

However, in Pick, this Court considered whether a seizure occurred when an officer, under circumstances similar to those presented here, had stopped to investigate and turned on the patrol car's amber lights. The officer had observed a truck weaving within its own lane. After following the truck through a parking lot and onto Highway 95, the truck pulled to the side of the road, where the officer pulled over behind the truck, activated the rear amber flashing lights, left the patrol car and spoke with Pick. As a result of that contact, Pick was arrested for DUI. Reviewing the denial of Pick's motion to suppress, we held that no seizure occurred when the officer activated the patrol car's amber flashers because, by doing so, the officer showed no sign of authority or force restricting Pick's freedom of movement other than the fact that the officer was in uniform and that he wanted to speak with Pick. 124 Idaho at 604, 861 P.2d at 1269.

Here by contrast, Hulse's act of turning on the overhead lights, although not necessarily intended to create a detention, did constitute a technical, de facto detention commanding Mireles to remain stopped pursuant to I.C. § 49-625. A person is seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment if, in view of all the circumstances, a reasonable person would have believed he or she was no longer free to leave. State v. Waldie, 126 Idaho 864, 866, 893 P.2d 811, 813 (Ct.App.1995). Once Hulse activated the police car's emergency lights, Mireles, assuming he was cognizant of the fact, was not free to drive away. See I.C. § 49-1404 (prohibiting fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer when signaled to stop by the officer's emergency lights and/or siren). Thus, the district court erroneously concluded that Mireles had not been detained.

Because Mireles was technically detained, it was incumbent upon the state to prove a proper justification for the detention. State v. Sevy, 129 Idaho 613, 615, 930 P.2d 1358, 1360 (Ct.App.1997). However, reasonable suspicion of criminal activity is not the only justification for a limited seizure of the person. See, e.g., State v. Godwin, 121 Idaho 491, 826 P.2d 452 (1992). A detention may also be reasonable under the officer's community caretaking function.

The community caretaking function involves the duty of police officers to help citizens an officer reasonably believes may be in need of assistance. In re Clayton, 113 Idaho 817, 818, 748 P.2d 401, 402 (1988). As was stated in Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 2528, 37 L.Ed.2d 706, 714-15 (1973):

Local police officers, unlike federal officers, frequently investigate vehicle accidents in which there is no claim of criminal liability and engage in what, for want of a better term, may be described as community caretaking functions, totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute.

Regardless of which justification is used, the Constitution requires that the intrusive action of the police be reasonable in view of all the surrounding circumstances. Waldie, 126 Idaho at 865, 893 P.2d at 812.

The trial court viewed Hulse's conduct as consistent with the community caretaker function. In determining the scope of the community caretaking function, Idaho courts have adopted a totality of the circumstances test. State v. Wixom, 130 Idaho 752, 754, 947 P.2d 1000, 1002 (1997); Clayton, 113 Idaho at 818-819, 748 P.2d at 402-403. As one court has phrased it, "in a community caretaker case, reasonableness is determined by balancing the public need and interest furthered by the police conduct against the degree and nature of the intrusion upon the privacy of the citizen." State v. Ellenbecker, 159 Wis.2d 91, 464 N.W.2d 427, 429 (Ct.App.1990), cited and quoted with approval in State v. Godwin, supra.

We note that jurisdictions have split on...