State v. Relford

• Decision Date: 27 February 2001
• Docket Number: No. A-00-1040.,A-00-1040.
• Citation: 623 N.W.2d 343,9 Neb. App. 985
• Parties: STATE of Nebraska, Appellant, v. Charles E. RELFORD, Appellee.
• Court: Nebraska Court of Appeals

623 N.W.2d 343

9 Neb. App. 985

STATE of Nebraska, Appellant, v. Charles E. RELFORD, Appellee.

No. A-00-1040.

Court of Appeals of Nebraska.

February 27, 2001.

Tricia A. Freeman, Deputy Sarpy County Attorney, for appellant.

Gregory A. Pivovar, Deputy Sarpy County Public Defender, for appellee.

INBODY, Judge.

INTRODUCTION

This is the second time that this case has been before this court on appeal from the Sarpy County District Court's sustaining of Charles E. Relford's motion to suppress evidence. See State v. Relford, No. A-00-240, 2000 WL 1055413 (Neb.App. Aug. 1, 2000) (not designated for permanent publication). This single-judge review is pursuant to Neb.Rev.Stat. § 29-116 (Cum.Supp.2000).

STATEMENT OF FACTS

In the early evening of August 15, 1999, Investigator Francis Gallo and Sgt. Mark Elbert conducted an interview of Relford at the Bellevue Police Department's investigations offices. At the beginning of the interview, Relford was given the Miranda warnings, and he waived his Miranda rights. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). Following the interview, Relford was placed under arrest and transported to the Sarpy County jail. On August 17, Relford was contacted by law enforcement for a second interview, which was conducted at approximately 2 p.m. Prior to this interview, Relford was advised of his Miranda rights, which Relford waived. Relford was then asked if he would be willing to have the interview videotaped, and Relford responded that he would be willing. During this videotaped interview, Relford made various incriminating statements. On September 27, 1999, an information was filed in Sarpy County District Court charging Relford with first degree murder. Relford pled not guilty to the charged offense and filed a motion to suppress physical evidence and to suppress all the statements made by Relford to law enforcement officers.

A suppression hearing was held on January 20 and 21, 2000. Testifying for the State were Investigator Gallo and Sergeant Elbert; James Miller, the Sarpy County Attorney at the time of the interview; and Sgt. Mark Topil of the Sarpy County Sheriff's Department, who was the day shift supervisor in the jail in August 1999. Relford testified on his own behalf and also called Capt. Daniel D. Williamson, the jail division commander with the Sarpy County sheriff's office.

Captain Williamson testified that while Relford was incarcerated, his telephone privileges were restricted. Sergeant Topil testified that on August 16, 1999, he had contact with Relford while Relford was incarcerated at the Sarpy County jail. Sergeant Topil testified that he told Relford about the telephone restrictions and asked Relford if he wanted to contact a lawyer. According to Sergeant Topil, Relford responded that "he needed the public defender." Sergeant Topil then told Relford that "a public defender would have to be appointed to him by the Court, however, if he wanted to call them, there was the phone, and I would provide the phone number for him." Relford did not ask Sergeant Topil for the telephone number and did not attempt to make a telephone call.

The district court partially granted Relford's motion to suppress, and the State appealed to this court. On appeal, I reversed the district court's partial grant of Relford's motion to suppress; however, I also remanded the cause to the district court for further findings of fact. Upon remand, the district court found that Relford was not denied telephone access to an attorney while incarcerated, but that his statement to law enforcement that he "needed the public defender" was an unequivocal, unambiguous request for counsel and that Relford's statements made after that time should be suppressed. Thus, the court sustained Relford's motion to suppress the statements regarding Relford's August 17, 1999, statements and exhibit 5, a videotape of the August 17, 1999, interview. The State has timely appealed to this court.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

On appeal, the State contends that the district court (1) did not sufficiently set forth its factual findings and failed to explain the analysis supporting its decision and (2) erred in concluding that Relford's Miranda rights were violated when he asked for an attorney outside of the scope of a custodial interrogation. I specifically note that the district court's finding that Relford was not denied telephone access to an attorney while incarcerated has not been appealed and is not an issue before this court.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, apart from determinations of reasonable suspicion to conduct investigatory stops and probable cause to perform warrantless searches, is to be upheld on appeal unless its findings of fact are clearly erroneous. State v. Merrill, 252 Neb. 510, 563 N.W.2d 340 (1997); State v. Matthews, 8 Neb.App. 167, 590 N.W.2d 402 (1999); State v. Beeken, 7 Neb.App. 438, 585 N.W.2d 865 (1998). In making this determination, an appellate court does not reweigh the evidence or resolve conflicts in the evidence, but, rather, recognizes the trial court as the finder of fact and takes into consideration that it observed the witnesses. State v. Chitty, 253 Neb. 753, 571 N.W.2d 794 (1998); State v. Matthews, supra; State v. Beeken, supra.

ANALYSIS

Sufficiency of District Court's Findings.

First, I address the State's argument that the district court did not sufficiently set forth its factual findings and failed to explain the analysis supporting its decision. The Nebraska Supreme Court has directed district courts to articulate in writing or from the bench their general findings when denying or granting a motion to suppress, with the degree of specificity required varying from case to case. State v. Graham, 259 Neb. 966, 614 N.W.2d 266 (2000); State v. Osborn, 250 Neb. 57, 547 N.W.2d 139 (1996). Having reviewed the district court's order, I find that the court's order sufficiently sets forth its factual findings and the basis for its decision. Therefore, I find that this assignment of error is without merit.

Violation of Miranda.

Next, the State contends that the district court erred in concluding that Relford's Miranda rights were violated when he asked for an attorney outside the scope of a custodial interrogation. The seminal case, Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), established concrete constitutional guidelines for law enforcement agencies and courts to follow regarding the admissibility in evidence of any statement given during custodial interrogation of a suspect. The U.S. Supreme Court recently reaffirmed that the dictates set forth in the Miranda decision constitute a constitutional rule applicable to state courts. See Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 120 S.Ct. 2326, 147 L.Ed.2d 405 (2000).

There is no dispute that Relford was in custody when he made the statement that he "needed the public defender." There is also no dispute that Relford was not subject to interrogation at that time. Assuming, without deciding, that Relford's statement that he "needed the public defender" was an unambiguous and unequivocal request for counsel, the question that I must decide is whether Relford could invoke his Miranda right to counsel prior to a custodial interrogation. It does not appear that this issue has been directly answered by the U.S. Supreme Court. However, the Court has strongly suggested that a defendant cannot anticipatorily invoke his Miranda right to counsel.

In McNeil v. Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171, 111 S.Ct. 2204, 115 L.Ed.2d 158 (1991), the defendant argued that an invocation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel also acted as an invocation of his Miranda right to counsel. In holding that an invocation of a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel does not operate as a Miranda invocation of the right to counsel, the Supreme Court stated in a footnote:

We have in fact never held that a person can invoke his Miranda rights anticipatorily, in a context other than "custodial interrogation"—which a preliminary hearing will not always, or even usually, involve[.] [Citations omitted.] If the Miranda right to counsel can be invoked at a preliminary hearing, it could be argued, there is no logical reason why it could not be invoked by a letter prior to arrest, or indeed even prior to identification as a suspect. Most rights must be asserted when the government seeks to take the action they protect against. The fact that we have allowed the Miranda right to counsel, once asserted, to be effective with respect to future custodial interrogation does not necessarily mean that we will allow it to be asserted initially outside the context of custodial interrogation, with similar future effect.

501 U.S. at 182 n. 3,111 S.Ct. 2204. See, also, Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 485-86, 101 S.Ct. 1880, 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981) ("[t]he Fifth Amendment right identified in Miranda is the right to have counsel present at any custodial interrogation. Absent such interrogation, there would have been no infringement of the right that Edwards invoked and there would be no occasion to determine whether there had been a valid waiver"); Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 300-01, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980) (holding that Miranda interests are in place when one is subjected to "express questioning or its functional equivalent"). Additionally, in Innis, the Supreme Court stated that "[t]he concern of the Court in Miranda was that the `interrogation environment' created by the interplay of interrogation and custody would `subjugate the individual to the will of his examiner' and thereby undermine the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination." 446 U.S. at 299,100 S.Ct. 1682, quoting Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). See, also, Illinois v. Perkins, 496 U.S. 292, 297, 110 S.Ct. 2394, 110 L.Ed.2d 243 (1990) ("[i]t is the premise of Miranda...