State v. Sauerbry
| Decision Date | 27 July 1943 |
| Docket Number | 46254. |
| Parties | STATE v. SAUERBRY. |
| Court | Iowa Supreme Court |
Rehearing Denied Sept. 27, 1943.
Alex Holmes, of Strawberry Point, for appellant.
John M. Rankin, Atty. Gen., Don Hise, Asst. Atty. Gen., and H. J Williamson, Co. Atty., of Manchester, for appellee.
Defendant was charged by county attorney's information with larceny of a domestic animal, in violation of section 13015, Code 1939. A jury found him guilty and he was sentenced to the penitentiary. He appeals.
I. Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. The animal in question, a heifer weighing about 700 pounds, belonged to a Mrs. Chrystal who had placed it in a pasture within a half mile from the farm home of one Raymond. On a Sunday morning the heifer had strayed onto the public highway adjoining the Raymond farm. It was also in the Raymond farmyard for a time. Raymond went to the home of defendant, a neighbor, and asked him and his housekeeper to come up and help him fix a pump and "butcher this heifer-he said it had a broken leg." Defendant and his housekeeper went to the Raymond farm before noon. The killing and butchering of the animal which had no broken leg or other defect, was not attempted until after dark, although Mrs. Raymond testified that defendant and one Jeffries took a gun and "started out in daylight to get it, but didn't kill the calf and said they didn't have nerve enough."
About ten o'clock that evening Raymond, his wife, and defendant went out onto the highway in Raymond's pickup truck to get the heifer. Defendant's housekeeper drove defendant's car. The animal was found about 18 rods away at the side of the road. Defendant shot it three times, using both a rifle and shotgun. The heifer was then loaded into the pickup and at defendant's suggestion they drove four miles to Manchester where the father of defendant's housekeeper lived. The father refused their request to let them butcher the animal in his garage. They then returned to the Raymond farm and butchered the heifer cutting the meat into small pieces to be cooked and canned.
About 2 or 3 a. m. the butchering was finished. The head, hide, feet, and entrails were then put in burlap bags, sewed together, and loaded into the pickup. Defendant, with his housekeeper, drove two to three miles from the Raymond farm and left the bundle behind some bushes inside a pasture fence. Leaves and straw were put inside as well as over the bundle. Raymond had asked defendant to dump the bundle into the river.
About 9 or 10 a. m. on Monday defendant and his housekeeper returned to Raymond's with the pickup. Defendant told Raymond he had "ditched it." The Raymonds were then cooking and canning the meat. Defendant's housekeeper helped them. Raymond gave eleven quarts of the meat and the liver and heart to defendant, who paid Raymond nothing. This meat was cooking at defendant's home when the sheriff came there that afternoon. The bundle containing the remains of the animal had been discovered that same day by a farmer who was fixing the fence across the road. He reported the matter to the sheriff and the arrest of defendant followed.
Defendant and Raymond were good friends who visited back and forth. They had helped each other butcher before. The jury could have found defendant knew what livestock Raymond owned. Mrs. Raymond testified she knew the animal "didn't belong to any of us." Defendant as a witness said he thought it was Raymond's heifer but admitted he questioned Raymond as to its ownership and was reluctant to help kill and butcher it.
While there was other testimony, the foregoing is a fair summary. Of course, there was some dispute in the evidence. Defendant argues that he was merely doing an innocent neighborly act.
The vital question was whether defendant knew the heifer did not belong to Raymond. Under section 12895, Code 1939, all persons concerned in the commission of a public offense, whether they directly commit the act, or aid and abet its commission, are punishable as principals. The court so instructed the jury and no complaint thereof is made. We think the question of defendant's guilt was for the jury. There are too many circumstances inconsistent with innocence to justify a holding that the verdict is without sufficient support.
II. Defendant's remaining complaints deal with the court's instructions.
Defendant assigns as error the refusal of his requested instruction that the filing of the county attorney's information is not evidence and should not be considered by the jury. While the request was proper and might well have been given, we are not prepared to hold, in view of the instructions given, that its refusal was reversible error. The jury was fully instructed regarding the presumption of innocence, burden of proof, and reasonable doubt.
The authorities do not agree as to the necessity of giving such a request as defendant submitted. See 23 C.J.S., Criminal Law, § 1217, p. 774. Apparently supporting defendant's contention that such a request must not be refused are Cooper v. United States, 8 Cir., 9 F.2d 216, and Nanfito v. United States, 8 Cir., 20 F.2d 376. Also holding that such requests were improperly refused are Kellar v. State, 192 Ind. 38, 134 N.E. 881, and People v. Krittenbrink, 269 Ill. 244, 109 N.E. 1005, but the decisions are based in part on the fact that instructions given on the presumption of innocence were either incorrect or inadequate.
We think it is the better view, supported by the weight of authority, that ordinarily it is not reversible error to refuse a requested instruction that the formal charge is no evidence of guilt, where the jury is fully instructed on the presumption of innocence, burden of proof, and reasonable doubt. Among the authorities to that effect are Sconyers v. United States, 5 Cir., 54 F.2d 68; Robilio v. United States, 6 Cir., 291 F. 975; Stanley v. State, 187 Ark. 779, 62 S.W.2d 968; People v. Lloyd, 97 Cal.App. 664, 275 P. 1010; Kelly v. Commonwealth, 259 Ky. 770, 83 S.W.2d 489; Palin v. State, 38 Neb. 862, 57 N.W. 743, 745; Miller v. State, 139 Wis. 57, 119 N.W. 850, 857. See also State v. Atkins, 136 La. 844, 67 So. 926, 928.
This request was at least somewhat of a cautionary nature. There is no intimation in the instructions given that the accusation might be considered as evidence, nor is it claimed the jury had any misconception in this regard. Having some application here is the rule that the trial court has considerable discretion whether to give or refuse requested cautionary instructions. Siesseger v. Puth, 211 Iowa 775, 780, 234 N.W. 540.
III. Instruction 10, on the weight to be given defendant's testimony, states that this is a question for the jury to determine as in the case of other evidence. The jury was elsewhere fully instructed as to the tests for determining credibility. Instruction 10 contains the statement: "You are not required to receive defendant's testimony as true, but to give it full and careful consideration, and determine whether it or any part of it is true or false, and whether given in good faith or for the purpose of avoiding conviction." It is claimed this unfairly singles out and belittles defendant as a witness. This argument has been rejected in a number of cases where like instructions have contained substantially the same statement. State v. Mikesh, 227 Iowa 640, 644, 645, 288 N.W. 606, and cases cited; State v. Parsons, 209 Iowa 540, 542, 228 N.W. 307; State v. Mecum, 95 Iowa 433, 437, 438, 64 N.W. 286. For a full discussion of instructions on credibility of the accused as a witness, see Anno. 85 A.L.R. 523.
IV. Part of Instruction 5 informed the jury that intent is seldem capable of direct proof, that "you have a right to infer or presume defendant intended to do what he voluntarily did and intended the probable and natural results to follow his acts deliberately and intentionally done which ordinarily follow such acts," that the question of intent must frequently be ascertained by such reasonable inferences from the evidence as the guarded judgment of a cautious man would ordinarily draw therefrom.
Defendant contends this instruction assumes he had done something from which a criminal intent could be inferred and in effect states that such an intent might be presumed from the fact that he innocently assisted his neighbor in butchering the heifer. State v. Carmean, 126 Iowa 291, 300, 301, 102 N.W. 97, 106 Am.St.Rep. 352, and State v. Roby, 194 Iowa 1032, 1047, 188 N.W. 709 are cited. Neither decision is in point. In State v. Carmean [126 Iowa 291, 102 N.W. 100], an embezzlement case, the jury was "told that the criminal intent might be inferred from the inevitable effect of the act done, or from opportunity of knowledge as to the conduct of the business." It was held these facts were not "sufficient of themselves to impute criminal intent to the defendant." State v. Roby, supra, was a case of assault with intent to rape where the consummated act was not claimed or shown.
An instruction containing a statement similar to the challenged part of Instruction 5 was approved in State v. McIntyre, 203 Iowa 451, 458, 212 N.W. 757, where there was a conviction of assault with intent to rape under an indictment for statutory rape, and there was evidence that the act was consummated and in State v. Folger, 204 Iowa 1296, 1304, 1305, 210 N.W. 580, a case of embezzlement. See also State v. Crandall, 227 Iowa 311, 316, 317, 288 N.W. 85, and cases cited, and 23 C.J.S., Criminal Law p. 783, § 1222. We think defendant misconceives the purport of Instruction 5 and that his exception cannot be sustained. It is true that a man must be presumed, in the absence of contrary evidence, to intend the probable and...
To continue reading
Request your trial