State v. Smith, 20767

• Citation: 926 S.W.2d 689
• Decision Date: 28 June 1996
• Docket Number: No. 20767,20767
• Parties: STATE of Missouri, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Delza D. SMITH, Respondent-Respondent.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Missouri (US)

Page 689

926 S.W.2d 689

STATE of Missouri, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Delza D. SMITH, Respondent-Respondent.

No. 20767.

Missouri Court of Appeals,

Southern District,

Division One.

June 28, 1996.

Patrick L. King, Pros. Atty., Mark J. Kriebs, Asst. Pros. Atty., Phelps County, Rolla, for appellant.

Lee H. Bushie, St. James, for respondent.

BARNEY, Judge.

This is an interlocutory appeal pursuant to § 547.200.3 ¹ wherein the State of Missouri appeals from the order of the trial court granting the motion of Delza Smith (Defendant) to suppress evidence of a felony amount of marijuana recovered from his automobile.

The State contends on appeal that the motion to suppress was granted against the weight of the evidence in that there was sufficient evidence to prove that Defendant consented to the search. In the alternative, the State argues that the initial stop for a traffic violation raised an articulable reasonable suspicion from the totality of the circumstances to give the police probable cause to conduct a valid, constitutional search of Defendant's vehicle.

Defendant was stopped at 9:20 a.m. on February 7, 1995, by a Missouri Highway Patrolman for following too closely while traveling east on Interstate 44 in Phelps County, Missouri. Defendant accompanied the trooper back to the patrol car where the trooper began to issue a warning ticket for following too closely. During an ensuing conversation the Defendant indicated that he was moving to New York with everything he owned.

The trooper testified that he became suspicious Defendant was trafficking drugs. Defendant had just bought his vehicle within the past week and there were numerous food wrappers, maps and water jugs in the car. Additionally, Defendant stated that he was moving everything he owned to New York, yet he possessed only one suitcase and had mentioned that there were only tools in the trunk, eliminating the possibility that he was traveling with additional belongings. The trooper testified that Defendant became increasingly nervous as they spoke. He also stated at the hearing, "when I informed the Defendant that I was going to search the vehicle, I asked him if there was anything illegal in the car, illegal guns, knives or drugs, and he broke eye contact with me on the ground, I believe at his feet, and said, 'No, not exactly.' " The trooper then issued the warning ticket and returned Defendant's license at that time or shortly thereafter. The trooper then requested permission to search the vehicle.

I.

The central dispute at the hearing was whether or not Defendant actually gave his consent for the trooper to search the vehicle. The trooper testified that Defendant did consent after hesitating and stuttering, but the trooper could not remember the specific words he used. The trooper's preliminary report (prepared within the same working day) was sent to the prosecutor's office for the purpose of filing charges. The report stated that the Defendant "hesitated and stuttered" when the trooper asked for permission to search his car. ² Defendant denied giving consent to search. At the suppression hearing he stated that he never gave a response. Instead his testimony was that he "hesitated" and "stood there" and that the trooper "said he was gonna search my car."

The trooper performed a quick search of the interior and the trunk lasting approximately three minutes. It was at this time that the trooper's suspicion of drug activity was heightened. He testified that the carpet in the trunk near the screw areas was torn and the carpet had been pulled away from the glue indicating a possible secret compartment.

At this time, the trooper informed Defendant that he believed narcotics were hidden in the vehicle and requested that Defendant accompany him to Troop I so that the search could continue. Defendant inquired as to the distance to Troop I as he was low on gasoline. He then responded "Okay, I guess." When they reached Troop I, a subsequent search took place. A drug sniffing dog detected narcotics in the vehicle, the marijuana was recovered and Defendant was arrested.

The trial judge stated in his order that "the State has not carried its burden of proving a free and voluntary consent to search the trunk of Defendant's automobile as it sat beside Interstate Highway 44."

The State has the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that a motion to suppress should be denied. § 542.296.6; State v. Franklin, 841 S.W.2d 639, 644 (Mo. banc 1992); State v. Looney, 911 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Mo.App.1995); State v. Perrone, 872 S.W.2d 519, 521 (Mo.App.1994). Appellate review of a motion to suppress is limited to a determination of sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the trial court's finding. State v. Wise, 879 S.W.2d 494, 503 (Mo. banc 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1093, 115 S.Ct. 757, 130 L.Ed.2d 656 (1995); State v. Burkhardt, 795 S.W.2d 399, 404 (Mo. banc 1990); State v. Cook, 854 S.W.2d 579, 581 (Mo.App.1993). We are to reverse the trial court's ruling only if that ruling is clearly erroneous. State v. Talbert, 873 S.W.2d 321, 323 (Mo.App.1994). "If the trial court's ruling 'is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety' this court 'may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently.' " Looney, 911 S.W.2d at 644; Cook, 854 S.W.2d at 581. Additionally, it is well established that we "defer to the trial court's vantage point in assessing the credibility of the witnesses and weighing the evidence." Id.; see also Burkhardt, 795 S.W.2d at 404. The trial judge found Defendant did not give consent to search in this case and we cannot say that in viewing the evidence, the ruling was clearly erroneous.

There is no question that the trooper's initial stop of Defendant for following too closely was proper. An officer who witnesses a traffic violation clearly possesses the authority to stop the vehicle for the purpose of issuing a traffic summons. State v. Reynolds 753 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Mo.App.1988); see also State v. Childress, 828 S.W.2d 935, 943 (Mo.App.1992).

As a general rule, searches conducted without a search warrant are unreasonable and violate a defendant's Fourth Amendment rights. Looney, 911 S.W.2d at 644; State v. Morr, 811 S.W.2d 794, 797 (Mo.App.1991). However, a consensual search conducted without a search warrant does not violate the Fourth Amendment even though the search is not otherwise supported by probable cause or a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. The consent, in essence, waives the defendant's Fourth Amendment rights. Cook, 854 S.W.2d at 582.

To be valid, the consent must be freely and voluntarily given by a person with authority to consent, and the search or seizure must not exceed the scope of the consent given. State v. Hyland, 840 S.W.2d 219, 221 (Mo. banc 1992). Whether the consent is in fact voluntary is determined by looking at the totality of the circumstances and is an issue upon which the State bears the burden of proof. State v. Riddle, 843 S.W.2d 385, 387 (Mo.App.1992); Talbert, 873 S.W.2d at 324. The State does not satisfy its burden of showing that the consent was voluntary by merely showing a submission to a claim of lawful authority. Id.

The only evidence presented by the State relating to the consent of the first search was the trooper's testimony and preliminary report. Nowhere in the preliminary report did it recite that Defendant actually consented to the search of his vehicle. Instead, the report stated that Defendant "hesitated and stuttered" when asked for permission to search the car. Additionally, the final report that the trooper indicated was later filed was not introduced into evidence nor was there any mention in the transcript of what the final report stated with respect to whether or not consent was given by the Defendant to conduct the first search.

The determination of whether a valid consent was given to search the vehicle essentially boiled down to whether the trial court believed the trooper's or Defendant's recollection of events. "The determination of the credibility of the officer was for the trial court." State v. Mantle, 779 S.W.2d 357, 360 (Mo.App.1989); see also State v. Villa-Perez, 835 S.W.2d 897, 902 (Mo. banc 1992). Under these facts we cannot say that its determination was unreasonable. We cannot conclude that the trial court erred in holding that the state did not meet its burden. We affirm the trial court's finding that consent to search the vehicle was not freely and voluntarily given.

II.

The State alternatively contends that even if consent was not given by the Defendant for the road side search, that probable cause for the search of the vehicle existed and inevitably the drugs would have been found. We disagree.

One of the exceptions to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment is the automobile exception. State v. Petrone, 836...