State v. Turner

• Decision Date: 30 April 1969
• Parties: In the Matter of Joan Carolyn Turner, a child. STATE of Oregon, Respondent, v. Joan Carolyn TURNER, Appellant.
• Court: Oregon Supreme Court

Page 910

453 P.2d 910

253 Or. 235

In the Matter of Joan Carolyn Turner, a child.

STATE of Oregon, Respondent, v. Joan Carolyn TURNER, Appellant.

Supreme Court of Oregon, In Banc.

Argued and Submitted Feb. 3, 1969.

Decided April 30, 1969.

Oscar D. Howlett, Portland, argued the cause and filed a brief for appellant.

Jacob B. Tanzer, Asst. Chief Deputy Dist. Atty., Portland, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was George Van Hoomissen, Dist. Atty., Port-land.

Before PERRY, C.J., and McALLISTER, SLOAN, O'CONNELL, GOODWIN, DENECKE and HOLMAN, JJ.

GOODWIN, Justice.

This appeal challenges on the basis of three recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court, ¹ the provision of ORS 419.498(1) ² which denies a child a trial by jury in a delinquency hearing. A majority of this court has concluded that the statute should be considered constitutional until the United States Supreme Court holds otherwise.

Joan Turner, a 15-year-old girl, was accused by petition in juvenile court of causing the death of a woman in the course of an assault and robbery. The court conducted a hearing without a jury, and determined that Joan had committed an act which, if committed by an adult, would have been a crime (murder). The court declared her a ward of the court and committed her to the Hillcrest School. She appeals, contending that she was entitled to a trial by jury. ³

Prior to the Gault case, this court and a majority of courts elsewhere had held that juvenile proceedings were not 'criminal' within the meaning of specific constitutional guarantees of trial by jury in criminal prosecutions. See Oregon Constitution, Art. I, § 11, and United States Constitution, Amendment VI. And see State v. Gullings, 244 Or. 173, 176--177, 416 P.2d 311 (1966). We adhere to the view that juvenile proceedings are not 'criminal,' but this does not, of itself, end the inquiry. When liberty is at issue, due process of law must be satisfied. United States Constitution, Amendment XIV; In re Gault, supra. For the purposes of this case, it must be conceded that incarceration in a juvenile facility is a loss of liberty. See In re Gault, supra; and Heryford v. Parker, 396 F.2d 393 (10th Cir. 1968).

The Gault decision stops short of holding that trial by jury is mandatory in a juvenile delinquency hearing, and the states have had difficulty defining due process with reference to burden of proof and trial by jury, both left undecided by Gault. See, e.g., majority and dissenting opinions in DeBacker v. Brainard, 183 Neb. 461, 161 N.W.2d 508 (1968), ⁴ and In re M., Cal., 450 P.2d 296 (1969).

At least two states held, prior to the publication of the Duncan and Bloom decisions, both supra note 1, that fairness and basic procedural due process could be assured a juvenile without 'the formality of a jury trial.' In re Estes, Wash., 438 P.2d 205 (1968); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 211 Pa.Super. 62, 234 A.2d 9 (1967). After Duncan and Bloom, Dryden v. Commonwealth, Ky., 435 S.W.2d 457 (1968), also held that a jury trial was not essential to due process in juvenile court. The contrary view has been taken in New Mexico. The New Mexico court construed local law and did not rest its decision upon the Fourteenth Amendment. See Peyton v. Nord, 78 N.M. 717, 437 P.2d 716 (1968).

Under ORS 419.533(1), Oregon courts have the discretionary power to allow a jury trial for a child 16 years of age or older by remanding the child to the circuit court to be tried as an adult. The state usually initiates the remand when the gravity of the offense charged and other facts make such a remand advisable. Moreover, because such a remand carries with it the pains and penalties of the criminal law as well as the procedural safeguards thereof, demand by children for jury trials in the criminal court has not been a common phenomenon. Indeed, in one recent case, a child who had been remanded for trial as an adult unsuccessfully challenged the constitutionality of his remand under ORS 419.533(1), claiming that the remand denied him due process of law as a child. See State v. Little, 241 Or. 557, 407 P.2d 627 (1965), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 902, 87 S.Ct. 208, 17 L.Ed.2d 133 (1966). And see Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541, 86 S.Ct. 1045, 16 L.Ed.2d 84 (1966), holding that procedural due process must be afforded the child prior to the decision to remand him to criminal court.

The crucial distinction between juvenile and other loss-of-liberty cases is that the juvenile law is dealing with a child and not with an adult. The difficult problem, therefore, is whether the court can give the child all the rights of an indicted adult without at the same time abandoning the Parens patriae concept of juvenile justice which has evolved during the past century.

It would be simple, by striking down the juvenile code, to return the accused child to the crimianl courts and thereby afford him the full range of constitutional due process which accompanies a criminal trial. The juvenile then would be entitled to indictment, bail, and all the other rights of an adult. But the Gault case recognized that, despite its faults when loosely administered, the Parens patriae concept has some residual validity, and expressly refrained from a 'root and branch' extirpation of the separate juvenile system.

The Gault case held that due process, when applied to a child in a delinquency proceeding, included (1) notice of the specific charge and a reasoanble opportunity to prepare a defense; (2) notice of the child's right to the assistance of counsel; (3) comprehensive advice on the privilege against self-incrimination; and (4) confrontation and cross-examination.

The Gault case did not discuss the matter of trial by jury, apparently because it had not been raised in the Arizona courts. The majority opinion refrained from expressing prophetic views on any matters not before the court. The concurring opinion of Mr. Justice Black contains the court's only expression of a view that all of the procedural guarantees of the federal Bill of Rights apply across the board to juveniles. And even that opinion, in its failure to mention the right of trial by jury while enumerating other rights, could have been intentionally silent on the point.

It is argued that even though Gault is silent on the right of a juvenile to have the jurisdictional facts in his case found by a jury, the Duncan and Bloom cases compel the conclusion that trial by jury is so fundamentally a part of due process that it is no longer open to a state court to hold otherwise. In any punitive proceeding ⁵ in which liberty for a substantial langth of time is in jeopardy, the Duncan and Bloom decisions squarely hold that an adult is entitled to a jury.

The Duncan decision requires a jury when an adult faces a loss of liberty lengthy enough to be called 'serious' (in that case, two years). Regardless of the name given the proceeding, Duncan tells us, the threat to liberty invokes a Fourteenth Amendment right to due process.

The Bloom case, dealing, like Duncan, with an adult, holds that due process requires a trial by jury in a state proceeding to imprison a lawyer for a criminal contempt of court. Bloom reinforces the Duncan proposition that it is the loss of liberty, rather than the name given either to the proceedings or to the offense, which determines whether a jury is necessary to satisfy the demands of due process.

The general language used in Gault, Duncan, and Bloom thus would be broad enough to justify an anticipatory holding that due process includes the right to trial by jury when a child, as well as an adult, faces a substantial loss of liberty. But the general language in these cases has not answered the functional question whether the difference between a child and an adult justifies a difference in the analysis of the role of the jury as a fact-finding instrument.

Adverting again to the fundamental fact that we are dealing with children and not with adults, the ultimate question in a juvenile proceeding is not one of 'guilt' or 'innocence,' but rather one of determining what is in the best interest of the child.

Many thoughtful students of behavior and rehabilitation believe there are valid policy reasons for holding that due process, when applied to children, does not necessarily include the right to have a jury pass upon the question of fact which must lie at the threshold of juvenile wardship. ⁶

Regardless of the veneration in which Anglo-American law rightly holds the jury as an instrument of criminal justice, it must be remembered that crime and punishment are not the primary business of the juvenile court. There is reason to question whether a jury trial is the most trustworthy instrumentality for protecting the rights of the child, his parents, and the state in a proceeding intended to salvage a child, if he is in need of governmental control.

One of the principal reasons for retaining trial by jury in the administration of criminal justice has been the desire of American society to mitigate the letter of the criminal law. When the question is 'guilt' or 'innocence,' the people feel more secure in their confrontations with the government when a jury is present. The jury brings to its work in a criminal case a combination of sentiment and common sense. Frequently, the jury views the state with healthy skepticism, and tempers justice with subjective values for which no provision had been made in any statute. As Mr. Justice Holmes observed in Horning v. District of Columbia, 254 U.S. 135, 138, 41 S.Ct. 53, 54, 65 L.Ed. 185 (1920), '* * * the jury has the power to bring in a verdict in the teeth of both law and facts.' The ad hoc legislative contribution of the jury system to the criminal law might enhance an occasional case involving the wardship of a child. But it is not certain that broad generalizations equating adult and juvenile cases are justified. If the fact-finding process before the judge is...