State v. Ward

• Decision Date: 15 April 1980
• Docket Number: No. 8015SC128,8015SC128
• Parties: STATE of North Carolina v. David Junior WARD.
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals

Page 737

264 S.E.2d 737

46 N.C.App. 200

STATE of North Carolina v. David Junior WARD.

No. 8015SC128.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

April 15, 1980.

Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Associate Atty. Gen. Thomas J. Ziko, Raleigh, for the State.

John D. Xanthos, Graham, for defendant.

HARRY C. MARTIN, Judge.

At the outset, we are faced with the question whether the state has a right of appeal from an order of the superior court dismissing a criminal case without prejudice upon a motion made by defendant under the Speedy Trial Act, N.C.G.S. 15A-701 to -704. This question was addressed by counsel at oral argument.

The Speedy Trial Act itself does not contain any provisions for appellate review. As a general rule the state cannot appeal from a judgment in favor of a defendant in a criminal case, in the absence of a statute clearly conferring that right. State v. Harrell, 279 N.C. 464, 183 S.E.2d 638 (1971); State v. Horton, 7 N.C.App. 497, 172 S.E.2d 887 (1970). The statutory authority permitting the state to appeal in criminal cases contains the following: "(T) he State may appeal from the superior court to the appellate division: (1) When there has been a decision or judgment dismissing criminal charges as to one or more counts." N.C.Gen.Stat. 15A-1445(a), (a)(1).

This statute was adopted in 1977, replacing former N.C.G.S. 15-179 which allowed the state to appeal where judgment had been given for the defendant upon

1. a special verdict,

2. a demurrer,

3. a motion to quash,

4. arrest of judgment,

5. motion for new trial for newly discovered evidence,

6. declaring a statute unconstitutional,

7. motion to bar prosecution as double jeopardy.

Interpreting N.C.G.S. 15-179 in Horton, this Court held the state did not have a right of appeal from an order dismissing a case for violation of defendant's constitutional rights to a speedy trial. The dismissal was with prejudice. Our research has failed to locate other authority in North Carolina on this question. We find no cases interpreting N.C.G.S. 15A-1445(a)(1). Therefore, we find this to be a question of first impression in North Carolina.

An examination of certain federal cases may be instructive. The Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971), held the government could appeal a dismissal under the Speedy Trial Clause of the Sixth Amendment for pre-indictment delay. The appeal was pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3731 (1964 ed., Supp. V). This statute was amended in 1970 and now reads substantially as N.C.G.S. 15A-1445. The Court in Marion was careful to point out that the prosecution could not cure the dismissal in the district court as it was based upon pre-indictment delay and a reindictment would not be permissible under the court's ruling. The dismissal was in effect a dismissal with prejudice, a final determination of the cause and therefore appealable. Other decisions of the Supreme Court on this question are based upon principles of double jeopardy, and the effect of the requirement of finality of judgments on appealability is not discussed. See Finch v. United States, 433 U.S. 676, 97 S.Ct. 2909, 53 L.Ed.2d 1048 (1977); United States v. Wilson, 420 U.S. 332, 95 S.Ct. 1013, 43 L.Ed.2d 232 (1975).

In considering the federal cases, it is important to note that 18 U.S.C. § 3731 contains a clause that the section shall be liberally construed to effectuate its purposes. In contrast, North Carolina requires that statutes allowing the state to appeal must be strictly construed. State v. Harrell, supra; State v. Horton, supra.

Ordinarily in North Carolina an appeal will only lie from a final judgment. Stanback v. Stanback, 287 N.C. 448, 215 S.E.2d 30 (1975); Perkins v. Sykes, 231 N.C. 488, 57 S.E.2d 645 (1950). In criminal cases, there is no appeal as a matter of right from an interlocutory order. State v. Black, 7 N.C.App. 324, 172 S.E.2d 217 (1970). An interlocutory order which does not put an end to the action is not appealable unless it seriously affects a substantial right. These cases do not involve appeals by the state, but there is no reason appeals by the state should be treated differently.

Case law in North Carolina has held that the state has no right of appeal from: an order of mistrial, State v. Allen, 279 N.C. 492, 183 S.E.2d 659 (1971); a judgment granting a defendant a new trial for newly discovered evidence, State v. Todd, 224 N.C. 776, 32 S.E.2d 313 (1944); an adjudication that certain duties of defendant under a probation judgment had ended, State v. McCollum, 216 N.C. 737, 6 S.E.2d 503 (1940); a determination that a suspended sentence could not be revoked, State v. Cox, 13 N.C.App. 221, 185 S.E.2d 31 (1971). In all these cases, the orders attempted to be appealed were interlocutory and not final.

The language in N.C.G.S. 15A-1445 allows the state to "appeal" from a "decision" or "judgment" dismissing a criminal charge. Appeal is defined in N.C.G.S. 15A-101(0.1): "Appeal. When used in a general context, the term 'appeal' also includes appellate review upon writ of certiorari." Applying this definition to N.C.G.S. 15A-1445, we hold the word "appeal" in the statute includes "appellate review upon writ of certiorari." Otherwise, the legislature would have used such language as "the state shall have a right of appeal." By way of contrast, the legislature in setting out when a defendant may appeal, uses the phrase "is entitled to appeal as a matter of right." N.C.Gen.Stat. 15A-1444(a). Therefore, it becomes a matter of judicial interpretation whether "appeal" as used in the quoted portion of the statute means appeal as a matter of right, or appellate review upon writ of certiorari. The order which the state seeks to have reviewed in this case is an interlocutory order. It is a dismissal without prejudice, which does not bar further prosecution by the state. N.C.Gen.Stat. 15A-703. It does not finally dispose of the case or charge against defendant, and therefore, it is not appealable. State v. Childs, 265 N.C. 575, 144 S.E.2d 653 (1965). "As a general rule an appeal will not lie until there is a final determination of the whole case." Privette v. Privette, 230 N.C. 52, 53, 51 S.E.2d 925, 926 (1949). "It lies from an interlocutory order only when it puts an end to the action or where it may destroy or impair or seriously imperil some substantial right of the appellant." Id. at 53, 51 S.E.2d at 926. The dismissal without prejudice did not destroy, impair, or seriously injure any substantial right of the state. It has the same right and power now to prosecute defendant for the alleged crime as it did prior to the return of the indictment. The state's position is analogous to that of a defendant whose motion to dismiss a criminal charge for violation of his right to a speedy trial has been denied. Such order is interlocutory and not reviewable by appeal as a matter of right. United States v. MacDonald, 435 U.S. 850, 98 S.Ct. 1547, 56 L.Ed.2d 18 (1978); State v. Black, supra ; State v. Smith, 4 N.C.App. 491, 166 S.E.2d 870 (1969). In each instance, the case has not been finally disposed of and the order is interlocutory.

If the state is allowed to appeal as a matter of right such order dismissing a charge without prejudice, it would defeat the very principles of speedy trial which the statute seeks to protect. "(O)ne of the principal reasons for its (the Supreme Court of the United States) strict adherence to the doctrine of finality in criminal cases is that '(t)he Sixth Amendment guarantees a speedy trial.' DiBella v. United States, 369 U.S. (121), at 126 (82 S.Ct. 654, at 658, 7 L.Ed.2d 614). Fulfillment of this guarantee would be impossible if every pre-trial order were appealable." 435 U.S. at 861, 98 S.Ct. at 1553, 56 L.Ed.2d at 28. In addition to the defendant's interests in a speedy trial, there are strong policy reasons to prevent the delay of criminal trials. Society has an interest in providing speedy trials for criminal defendants. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). Delay may increase the cost of detention of defendants pending trial and extend the period in which defendants who are on bail may commit other crimes. The deterrent effect of convictions may be weakened by the passage of time. The lack of prompt redress for injuries and damages to innocent victims of crime is manifestly unfair. "There is no more effective way to procrastinate the administration of justice than that of bringing cases to an appellate court piecemeal through the medium of successive appeals from interlocutory orders." State v. Childs, supra at 579, 144 S.E.2d at 655.

We decline to enlarge pretrial delay by intruding upon accepted principles of finality to allow appeals by the state as a matter of right to review dismissals of criminal charges without prejudice for violations of speedy trial rights. We hold ...