State v. Warren D. Carter

• Decision Date: 12 December 1997
• Docket Number: 97-LW-4860,C.A. 96-CA-15
• Parties: STATE OF OHIO, Plaintiff-Appellee v. WARREN D. CARTER, Defendant-Appellant C.A. Case No. 96-CA-15
• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals

STATE OF OHIO, Plaintiff-Appellee v. WARREN D. CARTER, Defendant-Appellant

T.C. Case No. 95-CR-303

No. C.A. 96-CA-15

97-LW-4860 (2nd)

December 12, 1997

STEPHEN C. COLLINS, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 50 East Columbia Street, Springfield, Ohio 45502, Atty. Reg. #0047502 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

JULIE OLSON, Clark County Public Defender's Office, 50 E Columbia Street, Springfield, Ohio 45502, Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

OPINION

FAIN J.

Defendant-appellant Warren Duane Carter appeals from his conviction and sentence on one count of Forgery and one count of Possession Of Criminal Tools. Carter contends that his guilty plea was coerced by the trial court's failure to render findings of fact associated with the denial of his speedy trial motion and by the trial court's policy of not accepting no-contest pleas. Carter also argues that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated.

We conclude that the trial court's across-the board policy of not accepting no-contest pleas, without particularized consideration of the facts and circumstances of each case, is an abuse of discretion.

This appeal is in an unusual posture because Carter has served the sentence he received as a result of his guilty plea, and his appellate counsel has advised this court, by telephone, that Carter does not wish to disturb his conviction and sentence for the understandable reason that he would be exposed to the risk of additional incarceration if, upon remand, he were to be convicted and re-sentenced. Accordingly, this appeal is dismissed in the interests of justice, but, because the error of which Carter complains -- the trial court's practice of never accepting no-contest pleas -- is capable of repetition, yet evading review, we decline to dismiss the appeal on mootness grounds, but, instead, address and decide Carter's assignment of error addressed to this issue.

I

On May 30, 1995, the Clark County, Ohio Grand Jury indicted defendant-appellant Warren Duane Carter on three counts of Forgery and two counts of Possession Of Criminal Tools. At his arraignment, Carter pled not guilty to the crimes charged. On February 9, 1996, Carter filed a motion to dismiss the indictment based on a purported violation of his right to a speedy trial. During a hearing held the same day the trial court overruled Carter's motion.

On February 15, 1996, in a hearing before the trial court, the prosecutor proposed a settlement in which Carter would receive a recommended concurrent sentence of eighteen months if he agreed to plead guilty to one count of forgery and one count of possession of criminal tools, the remaining counts being dismissed. In response to the prosecutor's proposed settlement, Carter's counsel informed the trial court that Carter was interested in a no-contest plea. At that point, the trial court interrupted counsel and stated: "Mr. Carter, I do not accept no-contest pleas. I would accept an Alford plea [North Carolina v. Alford (1970), 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L.Ed.2d 162]." Carter and his counsel, after considering the trial court's refusal to accept a no-contest plea, agreed to the prosecutor's proposed settlement, which was accepted by the trial court. Upon Carter's plea of guilty to one count of Forgery and one count of Possession Of Criminal Tools, he was sentenced to eighteen months incarceration for each count, sentences to run concurrently.

From the judgment of the trial court, Carter appeals.

II

Carter's Assignments of Error are as follows:

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO STATE ITS ESSENTIAL FINDINGS OF FACT ON THE RECORD AFTER THE DEFENDANT ORALLY AND BY WRITTEN MOTION REQUESTED THAT THE COURT PUT ITS FINDINGS OF FACT ON THE RECORD.

BY REFUSING TO STATE ITS ESSENTIAL FINDINGS OF FACTS ON THE RECORD THE TRIAL COURT COERCED THE DEFENDANT INTO ENTERING AN INVOLUNTARY GUILTY PLEA.

THE TRIAL COURT'S ERROR IN FAILING TO PLACE ITS ESSENTIAL FINDINGS OF FACT ON THE RECORD, AND SUBSEQUENT REFUSAL OF THE DEFENDANT'S NO CONTEST PLEA, NECESSITATES THAT THE DEFENDANT'S WAIVER OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY RIGHTS TO A SPEEDY TRIAL BE EXPRESSED IN WRITING OR MADE IN OPEN COURT ON RECORD.

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED THE DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO BRING THE DEFENDANT TO TRIAL WITHIN THE STATUTORY TIME REQUIREMENTS.

THE STATE'S FAILURE TO BRING THE DEFENDANT TO TRIAL WITHIN TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTY DAYS IS A VIOLATION OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL.

Carter argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment based on a violation of his right to a speedy trial. Although he pleaded guilty to two counts of the indictment, Carter contends that the trial court's failure to render findings of fact relating to his speedy trial motion coerced his guilty plea and that this court should ignore his plea for the purpose of determining whether the State violated his right to a speedy trial. Alternatively, Carter argues that the trial court's refusal to accept his no-contest plea forced him to plead guilty and thereby waive his right to appeal the denial of his speedy trial motion.

Upon the request of this court for supplemental briefing, Carter has further addressed this last issue by advancing two arguments:

THE TRIAL JUDGE'S BLANKET REFUSAL TO ACCEPT A NO CONTEST PLEA FROM THE DEFENDANT-APPELLANT OR FROM ANY DEFENDANT IS AN ABUSE OF DISCRETION AND A VIOLATION OF A DEFENDANT'S EQUAL PROTECTION RIGHTS;

THE TRIAL JUDGE'S BLANKET REFUSAL TO ACCEPT A NO CONTEST PLEA FROM THE DEFENDANT-APPELLANT OR FROM ANY DEFENDANT IN HIS COURTROOM UNDULY COERCES A DEFENDANT'S GUILTY PLEA AND, THEREFORE, COERCES A WAIVER OF THE DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO APPEAL A PRETRIAL MOTION.

Carter argues that the trial court's refusal to accept his no-contest plea was part of a blanket policy of never accepting no-contest pleas, which constitutes an abuse of discretion. Carter also argues that this blanket policy violates his right to equal protection under the United States Constitution and the Ohio Constitution. In addition, Carter argues that the trial court's flat refusal to accept a no-contest plea forced him to plead guilty, or otherwise risk a more severe sentence, and thus coerced his guilty plea, which waived his right to appeal the denial of his speedy trial motion.

During the February 15, 1996 hearing, the following colloquy took place:

Trial Court: Mr. Marshall [Defendant's counsel], how does the Defense wish to proceed?

Mr. Marshall: Your Honor, while Mr. Collins [Prosecutor] is putting that on the record, Mr. Carter asked me, he tells me that he was under the impression that he could plead no contest here today. You're not - -

Mr. Collins: (Shakes head.)

Trial Court: Mr. Carter, I do not accept no contest pleas. I would accept an Alford plea.

Defendant: A what?

Trial Court: Counsel can inform you.

* * *

Trial Court: The Court is back on record in State versus Carter. How does the Defense wish to proceed?

Mr. Marshall: For the record, Your Honor, the Court has indicated that it would not accept a no contest plea but it would accept an Alford plea. Mr. Collins said that an Alford plea was not acceptable to him. The only thing that was acceptable to him was a guilty plea to the two counts. I've discussed that matter with Mr. Carter. Mr. Carter understands that he's got five counts pending against him, if he were to go to trial on the five counts that he could lose one or more of those counts, and the sentences could be run consecutively and they could also be run consecutive with any time that he's already doing. He does not want to risk that, so he feels that his only choice here this morning then is to go ahead and plead guilty to the two counts that have been mentioned in the negotiated plea, so at this time Mr. Carter will go ahead and plead guilty to Counts Three and Four of the indictment. I guess that's all.

(02/15/96 Transcript at 4-6).

After this colloquy, the trial court explained to Carter the ramifications of a guilty plea, and Carter, after acknowledging the trial court's explanation, waived his right to a jury trial.

As a threshold matter, we recognize that a plea of guilty waives the defendant's right to appeal from his conviction based on a purported violation of his statutory right to a speedy trial. State v. Kelly (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 127, 566...