U.S. v. Martin

• Decision Date: 18 February 1975
• Docket Number: Nos. 74--1674,74--1675,s. 74--1674
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. James Craig MARTIN, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 148

511 F.2d 148

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. James Craig MARTIN, Appellant.

Nos. 74--1674, 74--1675.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Dec. 11, 1974.

Decided Feb. 18, 1975.

John P. Mazzitelli, Minneapolis, Minn., for appellant.

Joseph T. Walbran, Asst. U.S. Atty., Minneapolis, Minn., for appellee.

Before ROSS and STEPHENSON, Circuit Judges, and SCHATZ, District Judge. ^*

SCHATZ, District Judge.

James Craig Martin was found guilty by a jury in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota on three counts from two separate indictments consolidated for trial. Count I alleged a conspiracy between Martin, Garth McRae, Peter Winther, and other named persons not made defendants to distribute controlled substances (tetrahydro-cannabinols and phencyclidine), in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. Count II alleged that on or about January 18, 1973, the defendant Martin intentionally distributed approximately thirty thousand tablets of phencyclidine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Count III alleged that on or about January 21, 1973, the defendant Martin intentionally distributed approximately twenty thousand tablets of phencyclidine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).

On appeal, the defendant Martin alleges the following errors:

1) That certain incriminating extra-judicial statements were admitted at the trial even though these statements were given by the defendant without the benefit of warnings concerning his right to counsel and privilege against self-incrimination as required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 84 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

2) That the same statements were admitted at the defendant's trial even though they were the product of a search of the defendant's house conducted pursuant to an invalid search warrant.

3) That a prejudicial comment was made by the trial judge in his instructions to the jury concerning the defendant's failure to testify or produce evidence in his behalf.

The evidence introduced at the defendant's trial indicated that Garth McRae was the source and central figure in a large-scale phencyclidine distribution operation in Minneapolis, Minnesota, from early 1972 through mid-1973. McRae arranged for phencyclidine tablets to be brought into Minneapolis from Detroit, Michigan, which tablets he then sold to certain first-level dealers, among whom was the defendant Martin. These dealers in turn sold the tablets in smaller quantities to other persons, who either consumed them or sold them once again.

Listed in Count I as unindicted co-conspirators were Peter Hudson, Thomas Sinnott, Jerry Flategraff, and Mark Savage. On January 18, 1973, McRae sent Sinnott to Detroit to pick up phencyclidine. Sinnott returned with forty-five to sixty thousand phencyclidine tablets, of which McRae delivered approximately thirty thousand to the defendant Martin. On the same day, January 18, 1973, defendant delivered these tablets to Savage on credit. On January 19, 1973, Savage sold different quantities of pills to various persons, including a federal agent, and remitted a portion of the proceeds to the defendant in payment for the pills advanced to him. On January 21, 1973, Hudson bought approximately fifteen thousand phencyclidine tablets from the defendant at the defendant's house, for which he paid defendant in cash. Hudson, Savage, and Flategraff then arranged a sale of these and other pills to an undercover federal agent. This attempted sale resulted in the arrest of Hudson, Savage, and Flategraff on January 21, 1973. On the following day, January 22, 1973, federal agents obtained a search warrant for the home of the defendant, but upon execution of the warrant they found no drugs.

I.

The first error asserted by the defendant concerns statements made by him to the federal agents who searched his house on January 22, 1973. Pursuant to the search warrant, several of these agents, some with guns drawn, entered the defendant's house. The agents found the defendant and two ladies present and ordered them to remain in the living room. The agents then searched the house and found nothing. No arrests were made or attempted. After the agents completed the search and were about to leave, the agent in charge told the defendant that apparently they were a day or so late in making their search. The defendant replied in agreement. This agent then said that the next time the defendant received any drugs, the agents would arrive a little quicker. The defendant then stated that there would not be a second time. ¹ Prior to trial the defendant moved to suppress these statements on the ground that they were given without the benefit of the Miranda warnings. The trial judge overruled the motion and the statements were introduced at trial, which introduction the defendant now asserts was error. We conclude that the statements were clearly admissible.

The warnings specified in Miranda v. Arizona, supra, are required prior to custodial interrogation, a phrase defined by the Supreme Court in that case to be:

(Q)uestioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.

384 U.S. at 444, 86 S.Ct. at 1612.

Although the United States argues that the defendant was not in custody at the time the statements were given, it is unnecessary for us to decide this point. Assuming there was custody, it is clear that there was no interrogation. The initial statement in this short conversation was, of course, made by the federal agent in charge, but it was not in any sense a question and it called for no response. The same is true of the second remark by the agent which followed the volunteered statement by the defendant. As stated by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit:

Voluntary statements of any kind, not in response to custodial interrogation, are not barred by the Fifth Amendment, nor has their admissibility been affected by the Miranda decision or its progeny.

In several cases voluntary self-incriminating statements made by persons under arrest have been ruled admissible, notwithstanding the fact that Miranda warnings had not been given at the time the statements were made. See United States v. Welsh, 5 Cir., 1969, 417 F.2d 361; United States v. Bourassa, 10 Cir., 1969, 411 F.2d 69, cert. denied 396 U.S. 915, 90 S.Ct. 235, 24 L.Ed.2d 192 (1969); United States v. Godfrey, 10 Cir., 1969, 409 F.2d 1338; Anderson v. United States, 10 Cir., 1968, 399 F.2d 753.

United States v. Sanchez, 449 F.2d 204, 209 (5th Cir. 1971). See also United States v. Hopkins, 486 F.2d 360 (9th Cir. 1973).

II.

The defendant also argues that these statements were the fruit of an illegal search in that the search warrant authorizing the agents to be in the defendant's house, and thus in a position to hear the statements, was based upon an insufficient showing of probable cause. The search warrant was issued on the basis of an affidavit signed by a government agent in which the agent related information given to him by a named informant, Jerry Flategraff. Specifically, the defendant argues that the information related by Flategraff to the affiant was too old to constitute probable cause to believe that drugs were in the defendant's house on the date the...