Waldeck v. Piner
| Decision Date | 12 March 1985 |
| Docket Number | Nos. 83-394-A,s. 83-394-A |
| Citation | 488 A.2d 1218 |
| Parties | Jennifer WALDECK v. Richard PINER. Sharon DiGIULIO v. Richard DiGIULIO. Paulette PELLETIER v. Ronald LAWTON. ppeal, 83-395-Appeal and 83-502-Appeal. |
| Court | Rhode Island Supreme Court |
These are three separate cases that have been consolidated because they present the same issues. In each case suit was brought against the defendant to establish paternity. In each instance, the defendant denied the assertion of paternity. After commencement of suit, each defendant conclusively demonstrated by means of a blood test that he was not the father in question, whereupon defendant in each case brought a motion for assessment of counsel fees. The master granted the motions that were later confirmed, each in turn, by a justice of the Family Court. The plaintiff's appeal.
On appeal, plaintiffs raise these three issues: (1) whether the Family Court has authority to award counsel fees to a defendant in a paternity suit in which the plaintiff has failed to establish paternity; (2) whether the Uniform Paternity Act, G.L. 1956 (1981 Reenactment) chapter 8 of title 15 violates the equal-protection clause of the Federal and Rhode Island Constitutions; (3) and whether the trial justice erred in ordering the State of Rhode Island to pay the counsel fees assessed. In light of our determination of the first issue, we need not address the third.
The plaintiffs contend that the Family Court, as a creature of statute, is limited in its authority to the powers bestowed upon it by the statute creating it; and absent express authority to do so, the trial justice was without power to award counsel fees to a defendant who was declared not to be the natural father of the child.
The defendants successfully pressed their claims for attorney fees under two separate statutes. 1 The DiGuilio attorney-fees award arose from an action for support pursuant to the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support statute. 2 Section 15-11-15 refers specifically to the award of costs and fees under this act. 3 We observe that there is no language in this section that expressly supports an award of attorney fees. In fact, this court has long held that "costs," without more, will not be interpreted to include counsel fees. Di Iorio v. Cantone, 49 R.I. 452, 454, 144 A. 148, 149 (1929). Absent express statutory authority, counsel fees are not awardable as part of the costs of litigation. R.A. Beaufort & Sons v. Trivisonno, 121 R.I. 835, 843, 403 A.2d 664, 668 (1979).
In the remaining two cases, attorney fees were awarded under the Uniform Paternity Act. 4 The defendants argue that § 15-8-25, 5 which explicitly permits an award of counsel fees upon a finding of paternity, by necessary implication authorizes the assessment of counsel fees in favor of the defendant when he is the prevailing party.
In addressing this question, we note that the Family Court is a statutory court deriving its jurisdiction from G.L. 1956 (1969 Reenactment) § 8-10-3. Castellucci v. Castellucci, 116 R.I. 101, 105, 352 A.2d 640, 645 (1976). Its powers are limited to those expressly conferred upon it by statute; its jurisdiction cannot be extended by implication. The Family Court lacks general equitable powers and cannot take action unless specific jurisdictional authority to act can be found in the Family Court Act. Britt v. Britt, 119 R.I. 791, 794-95, 383 A.2d 592, 594 (1978).
Section 8-10-3 establishes the jurisdiction of the Family Court, yet it contains no provision to support an award of attorney fees to the prevailing party in a paternity action. The defendants argue, alternatively, that authority to make an award of attorney fees is present by implication in § 15-8-25. As we have stated earlier, the Family Court, as a court of statutory origin, has no more powers than those expressly conferred upon it by the Legislature. Section 15-8-25 provides for an award of attorney fees in situations in which "the court makes an order declaring paternity." This is not the case before us. No orders issued declaring paternity. Blood tests simply excluded defendants from paternity. Absent express statutory authority to award attorney fees in instances in which the assertion of paternity has been negated, the Family Court is without power to make such an award. In each instance, for the above-stated reasons, the Family Court was without authority to award attorney fees.
The defendants' second contention is that the Uniform Paternity Act impermissibly discriminates on the basis of gender in violation of the equal-protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because fathers can neither sue to establish paternity nor seek attorney fees under the express terms of the act.
We acknowledge that a classification on the basis of gender that results in the disparate treatment of similarly situated men and women violates the equal protection of the laws unless it is closely tailored to an important government interest. Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976), reh. denied, 429 U.S. 1124, 97 S.Ct. 1161, 51 L.Ed.2d 574 (1977). We must therefore examine this statutory scheme to determine whether gender-based distinctions among similarly situated men and women have been made, and if so, whether these distinctions conform closely to an important government interest.
We conclude after reviewing the statute that the purpose of the Uniform Paternity Act is to ensure that fathers support their children born out of wedlock. Section 15-8-2 enables the mother, child, or appropriate public agency to bring a complaint to establish paternity, and upon such determination a specified support obligation can attach. The unequivocal aim of this statutory scheme is to provide a mechanism to enforce child support-responsibilities. This act must be distinguished from such legislation as the Uniform Parentage Act, adopted in other jurisdictions, that focuses upon paternity rather than support and establishes parental rights upon a finding of paternity. 6 Since the purpose of the Uniform Paternity Act is child support, a determination of paternity is only incidental to this end. 7 Kendrick v. Everheart, 390 So.2d 53, 56 (Fla.1980).
The defendants' claim that the paternity...
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