Wesson v. City of Milford

• Decision Date: 24 September 1985
• Docket Number: No. 2935,2935
• Citation: 498 A.2d 505,5 Conn.App. 369
• Court: Connecticut Court of Appeals
• Parties: Janice WESSON v. CITY OF MILFORD.

Page 505

498 A.2d 505

5 Conn.App. 369

Janice WESSON v. CITY OF MILFORD.

No. 2935.

Appellate Court of Connecticut.

Argued June 17, 1985.

Decided Sept. 24, 1985.

Christopher B. Carveth, Milford, with whom, on brief, was Gerald F. Stevens, Milford, for appellant (plaintiff).

Michael P. Del Sole, New Haven, for appellee (defendant).

Before HULL, DALY and DONALD T. DORSEY, JJ.

DONALD T. DORSEY, Judge.

The complaint alleged that Robert W. Wesson was injured while working at his employment with the city of Milford on April 1, 1980. The plaintiff is the wife of Wesson and seeks damages independently of the Workers' Compensation Act for a negligently inflicted loss of consortium resulting from the alleged negligence of the defendant. The defendant filed a motion to strike the complaint predicated on General Statutes § 31-284(a). The plaintiff concedes in her brief that Wesson was covered by chapter 568 of the General Statutes, the Workers' Compensation Act, and has received medical and disability benefits under that act. She also concedes that her husband has no independent right of action against the defendant and that, as to his injury and losses, his exclusive remedy was and is workers' compensation. The trial court decided the motion on the assumption that the plaintiff meets the definition of "dependent" as defined in General Statutes § 31-275(4). ¹ This assumption was necessary for a construction of General Statutes § 31-284(a). ² Subsequently, on November 17, 1983, the plaintiff responded to a request for admission by admitting that, on April 1, 1980, she was a dependent of Wesson as defined in General Statutes § 31-275(4).

The trial court considered the defendant's motion to strike to be grounded on the theory that General Statutes § 31-284 precluded an independent tort cause of action by a dependent of a covered employee for any accidental injury to an employee occurring during the course of, and arising out of the employment of the employee.

The trial court noted that the plaintiff, while recognizing the weight of authority against her position, relied primarily on decisions from two jurisdictions, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The court distinguished the Connecticut exclusive remedy statute; General Statutes § 31-284(a); from the statutes in effect in those states and granted the defendant's motion to strike. Judgment was thereafter rendered for the defendant, whereupon the plaintiff appealed.

The issue presented by this appeal is whether a spousal dependent is barred by General Statutes § 31-284(a) from bringing an independent cause of action for loss of consortium predicated on an injury which was compensable under the Workers' Compensation Act.

The plaintiff contends that because the exclusive remedy provision, General Statutes § 31-284(a), was enacted in 1913 at a time when the common law right of loss of consortium was not recognized in Connecticut; see Hopson v. St. Mary's Hospital, 176 Conn. 485, 408 A.2d 260 (1979); it cannot be construed to abolish a right not then in existence. The plaintiff also asserts that such a construction would violate due process of law. Conn. Const., art. I §§ 8, 10; U.S. Const., amend. XIV § 1.

The defendant argues that General Statutes § 31-284 does bar a spousal dependent from maintaining a cause of action for loss of consortium based on an accidental injury to an employee covered under the Workers' Compensation Act. The defendant also contends that the equal protection clauses of the United States and Connecticut constitutions do not guarantee the presentation of an action for loss of consortium when the spouse's injury occurs in a workplace setting.

"We first must examine the applicable standard of review on a motion to strike. The motion to strike; Practice Book § 151; replaced the demurrer in our practice. Its function, like that which the demurrer served, is to test the legal sufficiency of a pleading. Practice Book § 152. The motion to strike, like the demurrer, admits all facts well pleaded. The allegations are entitled to the same favorable construction as a trier would be required to give in admitting evidence under them; if facts provable under the allegations would support a defense or a cause of action, the motion to strike must fail. Alarm Applications Co. v. Simsbury Volunteer Fire Co., 179 Conn. 541, 545, 427 A.2d 822 (1980). A motion to strike admits facts only. It does not admit legal conclusions or the truth or accuracy of opinions stated in the pleadings. McAdam v. Sheldon, 153 Conn. 278, 282, 216 A.2d 193 (1965). We must examine the complaint, assuming the truth of all well-pleaded facts, to determine whether the plaintiff, under each count, has stated a legally sufficient cause of action." Greene v. Metals Selling Corporation, 3 Conn.App. 40, 41-42, 484 A.2d 478 (1984).

The Workers' Compensation Act is the exclusive remedy for injuries sustained by an employee "arising out of and in the course of his employment." General Statutes § 31-284(a). All rights and claims between employers and employees, or any representatives or dependents of such employees arising out of personal injury or death sustained in the course of employment are abolished, other than rights and claims given by that chapter. Velardi v. Ryder Truck Rental, Inc., 178 Conn. 371, 375, 423 A.2d 77 (1979).

"Under the working of most 'exclusive remedy' clauses [such as § 31-284(a) ], any common-law right of a husband or wife to sue for loss of the wife's or husband's services and consortium ... is barred. In rare and unusual circumstances, however, it may be possible to show that the injury to the spouse ... was such an independent violation of duty that its abrogation was not contemplated by the exclusive remedy provision." 2A Larson, The Law of Workmen's Compensation § 66.00. These rare and unusual circumstances involve a truly independent breach of a duty toward a spouse often occurring at a different time and within a different context than the underlying accidental injury to the employee. This theory has no application to the case at hand since the wrong complained of by the plaintiff is rooted in time, place and circumstances to her employee husband's accidental compensable injury.

The types of exclusive liability statutes vary from state to state. The Massachusetts statute relied upon by the plaintiff provides that the employee, by coming within the act, waives his common law rights. Massachusetts General Laws, c. 152, § 24 (1965). Other states have laws specifying that the employer's liability shall be exclusive or that he shall have no liability whatsoever. The New York law, N.Y. Workmen's Comp. Law, § 11 (1968), excludes actions by employees, personal representatives, husbands, parents, next of kin, or anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages, at common law or otherwise on account of injury or death. 2A Larson, supra, § 66.10.

Section 31-284(a) is not as detailed as the New York statute but it is clear and unambiguous in its exclusion or abolition of claims and rights between employer and employees, or any representatives or dependents of said employees arising out of personal injury or death sustained in the course of employment. Every word in a legislative enactment is presumed to have meaning. State ex rel. Kennedy v. Frauwirth, 167 Conn. 165, 168, 355 A.2d 39 (1974). "[C]ourts do not torture words to import ambiguity where the ordinary meaning leaves no room for it." Heffernan v. Slapin, 182 Conn. 40, 46, 438 A.2d 1 (1980).

Hopson v. St. Mary's Hospital, supra, 176 Conn. 494, 408 A.2d 260, tells us that "because a consortium action is derivative of the injured spouse's cause of action, the consortium claim would be barred when the suit brought by the injured spouse has been terminated by settlement or by an adverse judgment on the merits." In Hopson, the court noted a general consensus that where possible the consortium claim should be joined with the claim for personal injury. Id. In a situation such as this, where the injured worker is excluded from the courts and the injured spouse is excluded from the workers' compensation forum, such practicalities designed to avoid double recovery are not possible.

The landmark case of Hitaffer v. Argonne Co., 183 F.2d 811, 815 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 340 U.S. 852, 71 S.Ct. 80, 95 L.Ed. 624 (1950), stated that "[i]nvasion of the consortium is an independent wrong directly to the spouse so injured." (Emphasis in original.) It is crystal clear, however, that in Connecticut a consortium action is derivative of the injured spouse's cause of action. Hopson v. St. Mary's Hospital, supra. ³ In Greene v. Metals Selling Corporation, supra, the trial court granted a motion to strike the fourth count of a wrongful death claim initiated by the administratrix of the estate of Everett Greene, Jr. The decedent was killed in an industrial accident and the plaintiff pursued a common law action for the wrongful death of her husband on the basis of the alleged wilful and wanton misconduct of the defendant corporate employer. The fourth count of her complaint sought recovery for a loss of consortium by the plaintiff wife individually. The appellate court found no error and sustained the trial court's decision to strike the entire complaint. In its decision, the court, citing Hopson v. St. Mary's Hospital, supra, stated that a consortium action is derivative of the injured spouse's cause of action. In view of these cases, the plaintiff's position that the injury suffered by the wife was a wrong independent of the injury to the husband cannot be maintained. Since the injury to the spouse of the employee is derivative in nature, it is barred by the sweeping language describing the employer's immunity. General Statutes § 31-284(a). 2A Larson, supra, § 66.20, suggests that this sweeping language seems to indicate a legislative intention actually reflected in the majority rule.

The plaintiff argues that the immunity...