Capelle v. Orange County

• Citation: 607 S.E.2d 103,269 Va. 60
• Decision Date: 14 January 2005
• Docket Number: Record No. 040569.
• Court: Supreme Court of Virginia
• Parties: John J. CAPELLE, et al. v. ORANGE COUNTY, et al.

607 S.E.2d 103

269 Va. 60

John J. CAPELLE, et al. v. ORANGE COUNTY, et al.

Record No. 040569.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

January 14, 2005.

David S. Bailey, Manassas (Philip Carter Strother; Krista M. Mathis; Strother Law Offices, on briefs), for appellants.

Robert A. Dybing, Richmond; Frederick W. Payne, Charlottesville (John A. Gibney, Jr.; William W. Tanner; Todd Patrick, County Attorney; Charles W. Bowman; Thompson & McMullan; Payne & Hodous; Higginbotham & Bowman, on briefs), for appellees.

Present: All the Justices.

KEENAN, Justice.

In this appeal, we consider whether the circuit court erred in holding that a zoning ordinance permitted construction of an access road to transport mined materials across land zoned for residential use.

The land in question is part of a 139-acre lot (the property) located near Barboursville in Orange County. A large portion of the property is zoned for agricultural use and a smaller part is zoned for limited residential use. On the part of the property zoned for agricultural use, a mining operation is permitted by special use permit.

The residential use portion of the property is situated between the agricultural use portion and Route 738, a public highway. The complainants are Orange County residents (the landowners) who own adjoining land or nearby properties. Several of the landowners live in the same limited residential zoning district that includes a portion of the property.

Defendant General Shale Brick, Inc. (General Shale) owns a brick manufacturing plant near the property and contracted to purchase the property to obtain mining materials for its brick production. In December 2001, General Shale, with the property owners' permission, applied for a special use permit to perform mining activities on the part of the property zoned for agricultural use. Although the special use permit request applied only to the part of the property located in the agricultural zoning district, the "operation plan narrative" that General Shale submitted with its application included a proposal to construct an access road across the portion of the property zoned for limited residential use to transport raw materials from the mining site to Route 738.

After conducting public hearings, the Orange County Planning Commission forwarded General Shale's application for a special use permit to the Board of Supervisors of Orange County (the Board) without recommendation. The Board approved the application with certain conditions. General Shale then purchased the property to engage in the mining activities described in the special use permit.

The landowners filed an amended bill of complaint in the circuit court against General Shale and Orange County alleging that the special use permit violated both the Orange County Code (the County Code) and the Code of Virginia, and that the Board's approval of the special use permit was arbitrary and capricious, and was unreasonable. The landowners sought a declaratory judgment that the Board's decision was illegal, and requested an injunction to prevent the Board from issuing the special use permit.

After hearing argument on the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, the circuit court denied the motions. The court held that the road was permitted as an accessory use in the limited residential district incident to the special use permit for mining in the agricultural district, because all the uses occurred on the same "lot." However, the court concluded that a trial was necessary to resolve the issue whether the process of transporting mined materials over an access road was part of the mining activity itself or was an accessory use to the mining activity.

At trial, each defendant made a motion to strike the evidence at the conclusion of the landowners' case. The circuit court granted the defendants' motions, holding that the landowners had failed to present sufficient evidence to prove their allegations that General Shale's intended use of the access road was a mining activity in itself, and that the Board's decision to issue the special use permit was unreasonable. The landowners appeal from the circuit court judgment.

The primary issue in this appeal involves several sections of the County Code, which are part of the County's zoning ordinance. County Code § 70-277 states that "[a]ny use not expressly permitted or permitted by special use permit in a specific district is prohibited." County Code § 70-302, which applies to land zoned for agricultural use, permits as a matter of right seven listed uses "and any accessory use that is customarily incidental to such uses." County Code § 70-303, which also applies to land zoned for agricultural use, allows the operation of a "[m]ine or quarry" by special use permit.

In limited residential zoning districts, the County Code permits as a matter of right five specified uses and "any customarily incidental accessory use." County Code § 70-332. "Accessory use," a term applicable to both agricultural and limited residential districts, is defined as "a secondary and subordinate use or structure customarily incidental to, and located upon the same lot occupied by, the main use or structure." County Code § 70-1. A "lot" is defined as "a parcel of land having fixed boundaries, recorded by the clerk of the circuit court as an individual unit of real estate for the purpose of ownership, conveyance or taxation." Id.

The landowners argue that the circuit court erred in holding that the zoning ordinance provisions allow, as an accessory use to mining conducted in an agricultural district, the extension of an access road into a limited residential district. The landowners assert that zoning district boundaries, rather than lot lines, dictate which uses are permissible on each portion of the property. Thus, the landowners argue that even if the transportation of mined materials is considered an "accessory use" to the mining operation, such accessory use is not allowed on the portion of the property zoned for limited residential use.

In response, the defendants argue that the circuit court properly applied the plain language of the County Code. The defendants first rely on County Code § 70-332, and its language permitting "any customarily incidental accessory use" in a limited residential zoning district. The defendants also rely on the County Code definition of "accessory use," which defines the term in relation to the same lot as the main use. County Code § 70-1. Thus, the defendants contend that General Shale's proposed access road crossing the limited residential zoning district is permitted as an accessory use to the mining use under the terms of County Code § 70-332 because the main use, the mining operation, is conducted on the same lot.

The defendants further assert that it would be absurd to prohibit from limited residential districts those accessory uses that are incidental to agricultural uses on the same lot. For example, the defendants contend that under the landowners' interpretation of the zoning provisions, a cattle farmer could not transport cattle to market over a section of his farm zoned for limited residential use.

In considering the parties' arguments, we first state certain established principles that govern the construction of a zoning ordinance. We employ the plain and natural meaning of the words contained in the ordinance. Donovan v. Board of Zoning Appeals of Rockingham Co., 251 Va. 271, 274, 467 S.E.2d 808, 810 (1996); McClung v. County of Henrico, 200 Va. 870, 875, 108 S.E.2d 513, 516 (1959). Although we give consideration to the purpose and intent of the ordinance, we are not permitted to extend the ordinance provisions by interpretation or construction beyond such intent and purpose. Donovan, 251 Va. at 274, 467 S.E.2d at 810; Gough v. Shaner, 197 Va. 572, 575, 90 S.E.2d 171, 174 (1955).

The issue in this appeal requires us to harmonize certain County Code provisions that arguably are facially conflicting when applied to the facts of this case.¹ When one County Code provision addresses a subject in a general way and another deals with a part of the same subject in a more specific manner, the two provisions should be harmonized, if possible, and where they conflict, the more specific provision prevails. Frederick Co. School Board v. Hannah, 267 Va. 231, 236, 590 S.E.2d 567, 569 (2004); Halifax Corp. v. First Union National Bank, 262 Va. 91, 102, 546 S.E.2d 696, 704 (2001); County of Fairfax v. Century Concrete Servs., 254 Va. 423, 427, 492 S.E.2d 648, 650 (1997); Virginia National Bank v....