Durham v. State

• Decision Date: 19 November 2012
• Docket Number: No. S12A1637.,S12A1637.
• Citation: 292 Ga. 239,734 S.E.2d 377
• Parties: DURHAM v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

292 Ga. 239

734 S.E.2d 377

DURHAM

v.The STATE.

No. S12A1637.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

Nov. 19, 2012.

Bentley C. Adams, III, Robert L. Wadkins, Office of the Public Defender, Columbus, for Appellant.

Douglas Lee Breault, Asst. Dist. Atty., Michael Eugene Craig, Asst. Dist. Atty., Julia Anne Fessenden Slater, Dist. Atty., Office of the District Attorney, Paula Khristian Smith, Sr. Asst. Atty. Gen., Samuel S. Olens, Atty. Gen., Katherine Ruth Thrower, Asst. Atty. Gen., Department of Law, for Appellee.

HUNSTEIN, Chief Justice.

A jury convicted Albert Durham of malice murder and other crimes in connection with the shooting death of George McCrary.¹ On appeal, Durham contends that the State elicited improper hearsay testimony, the trial court failed to give a complete charge on circumstantial evidence, and trial counsel was ineffective. Because the trial court did not commit reversible error in its evidentiary rulings and jury instructions and trial counsel's representation was not ineffective, we affirm.

1. The evidence presented at trial shows that the victim, George McCrary, was wearing a gold necklace when he left his house in Columbus on Saturday morning, February 16, 2008. He drove to an apartment on Enoch Drive where Durham's sister and girlfriend lived. McCrary and Durham were talking in the parking lot when an across-the-street neighbor, Janice Ware, saw Durham shoot McCrary, take his necklace, pull something out of his pocket, and begin running on a path between the apartment buildings. Durham's cousin was at a car wash one street over from Enoch when she heard a gun shot, went to investigate, and saw Durham running down the road. Two hours later, Ware and her boyfriend watched as Durham got in a green taxicab with his girlfriend and their baby. While in the taxicab, Durham's girlfriend heard the dispatcher ask the driver who was in the cab. After checking into a motel, Durham grabbed his bag and said he was going to the store to buy cigarettes. He never returned. The medical examiner testified that the victim died from a single gunshot wound, and police found a single nine-millimeter cartridge case next to the victim's vehicle. After reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's determination of guilt, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found Durham guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes charged. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).

2. Durham contends that his right to cross-examine witnesses under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the State elicited improper hearsay testimony from the investigating officer that bolstered the credibility of Ware, the eyewitness to the shooting. See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004). Durham did not object to the testimony at trial, which generally constitutes a waiver of review on appeal. See Brooks v. State, 281 Ga. 514(2), 640 S.E.2d 280 (2007). Nevertheless, Durham asserts that this Court should apply the plain error standard of review due to the magnitude of the constitutional error.

In appeals of criminal cases, plain error review is currently limited to alleged error in three circumstances: the sentencing phase of a trial resulting in the death penalty, a trial judge's expression of opinion in violation of OCGA § 17–8–57, and a jury charge affecting substantial rights of the parties as provided under OCGA § 17–8–58(b). See Williams v. State, 291 Ga. 501(2), 732 S.E.2d 47 (2012) (citing cases). The new Evidence Code will change this rule in cases tried after January 1, 2013, allowing a court to consider plain errors “affecting substantial rights although such errors were not brought to the attention of the court.” OCGA § 24–1–103(d); Williams, 291 Ga. at 505(2), 732 S.E.2d 47. Because Durham's failure to object to the officer's hearsay testimony at trial means the issue is waived on appeal and plain error review does not currently apply to allegations regarding the improper admission of evidence, the trial court did not commit reversible error in allowing the testimony. See id.;Brooks, 281 Ga. at 516(2), 640 S.E.2d 280.

3. Durham next contends that the trial court erred in failing to give a complete charge to the jury on circumstantial evidence. The trial court instructed the jury generally on circumstantial evidence, but did not give the specific instruction requested by Durham that “[t]o warrant a conviction on circumstantial evidence, the proved facts shall not only be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt, but shall exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save that of the guilt of the accused.” See OCGA § 24–4–6; Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases, § 1.30.20 (4th ed.2007). Since Durham failed to object to the jury charge given at trial, we review this contention for plain error. See State v. Kelly, 290 Ga. 29(1), 718 S.E.2d 232 (2011); OCGA § 17–8–58(b). Under this standard, we must determine whether there is an error that has not been affirmatively waived, is clear and obvious, affects the defendant's substantial rights, and “seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation” of the judicial proceedings. See Kelly, 290 Ga. at 33(1), 718 S.E.2d 232 (citation and punctuation omitted).

A trial court must charge on the law of circumstantial evidence under OCGA § 24–4–6 when the defendant makes a written request and the case relies in part on circumstantial evidence. Davis v. State, 285 Ga. 176(2), 674 S.E.2d 879 (2009); Mims v. State, 264 Ga. 271, 443 S.E.2d 845 (1994). Therefore, we conclude that the trial court erred in failing to give the jury charge on circumstantial evidence that Durham requested. Given this failure, the issue here is whether this error likely affected the outcome of the proceedings. See Kelly, 290 Ga. at 33(1), 718 S.E.2d 232. We have previously held that the failure to give the reasonable hypothesis charge is harmless error when there is overwhelming direct evidence of guilt. See Marshall v. State, 285 Ga. 351(5), 676 S.E.2d 201 (2009).

In this case, an eyewitness who knew Durham by his nickname testified that she saw him shoot a man and steal his necklace. She was standing on her front porch 30 feet away from the shooting with an unobstructed view of the parking lot and said that she “could see pretty good.” Based on this direct evidence, we conclude that any error in the jury charge on circumstantial evidence did not affect the outcome of the proceedings and thus there is no plain error.

4. In his final enumeration of error, Durham asserts that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because trial counsel failed to object to the officer's hearsay testimony, object to the improper jury charge, adequately investigate and prepare for trial, preserve Durham's right to appeal, and disclose a six-month suspension in 1996 from the practice of law.

To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient and the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). There is a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the range of sound trial strategy and reasonable professional judgment. Id. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052. In determining prejudice, the question is whether there is a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different, absent the specified errors. Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

(a) Trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to object to the officer's testimony regarding statements made by a witness who did not...