Frick v. Abell

• Decision Date: 13 November 1979
• Docket Number: No. 79SA143,79SA143
• Citation: 198 Colo. 508,602 P.2d 852
• Parties: Billy FRICK and Roger Frick, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Gary ABELL, James Kevil, Danny Castillo, the 400 Club, and the City and County of Denver, a municipal corporation, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: Colorado Supreme Court

Page 852

602 P.2d 852

198 Colo. 508

Billy FRICK and Roger Frick, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Gary ABELL, James Kevil, Danny Castillo, the 400 Club, and the City and County of Denver, a municipal corporation, Defendants-Appellants.

No. 79SA143.

Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.

Nov. 13, 1979.

Dymond & Littlepage, Lewis W. Dymond, Jr., James A. Littlepage, Aurora, for plaintiffs-appellees.

Geer & Goodwin, P. C., Edward O. Geer, Robert E. Goodwin, Denver, for Gary Abell.

Wesley H. Doan, P. C., Wesley H. Doan, Lakewood, Michael P. Bahr, Denver, for City and County of Denver.

ROVIRA, Justice.

Gary Abell (defendant) appeals the judgment of the Denver District Court awarding damages to Billy and Roger Frick (plaintiffs) in an action in tort for injuries allegedly received as a result of an assault and battery. Abell also appeals the ruling of the district court that the City and County of Denver (Denver) need not indemnify him for the exemplary damages which resulted from this incident. We affirm.

On April 19, 1973, officers Gary Abell and James Kevil ¹ of the Denver Police Department arrived at the 400 Club, in the City and County of Denver, and arrested the plaintiffs. The Fricks and members of their family testified at trial that both police officers then assaulted and beat the men without provocation or apparent justification. There was testimony that the police officers held Billy Frick on the ground and repeatedly kicked him in the head, face, and body. There was also testimony that the officers handcuffed Roger Frick, threw him on the ground, and kicked him repeatedly. The assaults allegedly continued after the plaintiffs were taken to Denver General Hospital.

Billy and Roger Frick commenced an action in tort against Abell, Kevil, and the 400 Club. ² Trial was to a jury, which awarded Billy Frick $1,000 in actual damages and $4,500 in exemplary damages against Abell. The jury awarded Roger Frick $2,000 in actual damages and $3,000 in exemplary damages against Abell and Kevil.

Abell appeals, alleging three bases of error: first, that the evidence at trial did not support the award of exemplary damages; second, that the exemplary damages awarded were excessive; and third, that the city of Denver is required by its charter to indemnify him for any exemplary damages which are assessed against him arising out of his actions as a police officer.

I.

The first issue concerns the propriety of the award of exemplary damages in this case. Section 13-21-102, C.R.S.1973, provides that exemplary damages may be assessed in a civil action if the injury is inflicted through fraud or with malice, insult, or a wanton and reckless disregard of the victim's rights and feelings. Those elements must be established beyond a reasonable doubt. Section 13-25-127(2), C.R.S.1973.

The purpose for the award of exemplary damages is to punish the wrongdoer as an example to others. Ark Valley Alfalfa Mills, Inc. v. Day, 128 Colo. 436, 263 P.2d 815 (1953). As such, conduct which is merely negligent cannot serve as the basis for exemplary damages. As this court stated in Ress v. Rediess, 130 Colo. 572, 579, 278 P.2d 183, 187 (1954):

"To justify a recovery of exemplary damages, the act causing the injuries must be done with an evil intent and with the purpose of injuring the plaintiff or with such a wanton and reckless disregard of his rights as evidence a wrongful motive."

The requirements for the award of exemplary damages are met if the defendant, while conscious of his conduct and cognizant of existing conditions, knew, or should have known, that the injury would probably result from his acts. Foster v. Redding, 97 Colo. 4, 45 P.2d 940 (1935); Clark v. Small, 80 Colo. 227, 250 P. 385 (1926).

Abell claims that there was not sufficient evidence to support the jury's implied finding of the facts needed to justify the award of exemplary damages. The standard to be applied is whether there was sufficient evidence, when viewed in its totality and in the light most supportive of the verdict, to support the jury's finding on this issue. See People v. Bueno, 188 Colo. 396, 534 P.2d 1196 (1975).

After reviewing the evidence, we hold that the jury, by believing the testimony of the Plaintiffs' witnesses at trial, could find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant willfully and wantonly disregarded the rights of Billy and Roger Frick. The award of exemplary damages was proper.

II.

The second issue raised by the defendant concerns the excessiveness of the exemplary damages. The purpose for punitive damages is to punish the wrongdoer and thus deter similar conduct in the future. Ark Valley Alfalfa Mills, supra. However, exemplary damages must bear some relation to the actual damages. Id. Although no precise formula can be utilized in this determination, Carlson v. McNeill, 114 Colo. 78, 162 P.2d 226 (1945), the reasonableness of the award can be ascertained by examining the facts of the case to discover if the jury was impermissibly motivated by prejudice or property guided by the purposes for exemplary damages. Leo Payne Pontiac, Inc. v. Ratliff, 29 Colo.App. 386, 486 P.2d 477 (1971), Rev'd. on other grounds, 178 Colo. 361, 497 P.2d 997 (1972).

The factors which guide this determination, set forth by the court of appeals in Leo Payne Pontiac, supra, are expressly approved at this time. Those factors are: (1) the nature of the act which caused the injury; (2) the economic status of the defendant; and (3) the deterrent effect of the award on others.

As noted in Leo Payne Pontiac, supra, an appellate court is not in as advantageous a position as the trial court to weigh these factors and to ascertain the reasonableness of exemplary damages. Accordingly, the trial court's determination of this issue will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. Id.

No such abuse of discretion can be found here. To beat two men so severely that they incur one and two thousand dollars, respectively, in actual damages is an abhorrent act. The gravity of such an assault is exacerbated when the perpetrator is an officer of the police department. The assessment of exemplary damages must be of sufficient magnitude to deter such conduct by police officers in the future. Awards of $3,000 and $4,500 are not unreasonable under those circumstances.

III.

A.

The third issue raised in this appeal is whether Denver has the duty to indemnify the defendant for the exemplary damages awarded against him. Two provisions of the Denver city charter and three state statutes are involved.

Section A9.4-2 of the Denver charter provides that Denver is liable for the tortious acts and omissions of municipal police officers acting within the scope of their duties "in the same manner and to the same extent as a private employer under like circumstances" and that Denver is obligated to indemnify such officers for final judgments rendered against them in actions based on such tortious conduct in which Denver is a defendant or third-party defendant. Section C6.8-1 makes similar provisions for municipal "officers and employees." Through these charter provisions, Denver has obligated itself to indemnify municipal police officers for exemplary damages arising out of the officers' tortious conduct in those situations in which private employers would be required to indemnify their employees for such damages.

However, the "Colorado Governmental Immunity Act," section 24-10-101 Et seq., C.R.S.1973, also contains provisions relevant to Denver's liability for damages awarded against its employees for acts within the scope of their employment. Section 24-10-110(1), C.R.S.1973, provides that a public entity (including a city and county) shall be liable for the costs of defending such an employee and the payment of judgments for claims arising from such acts "except where such act or omission is willful or wanton." Section 24-10-114(4), C.R.S.1973, provides that a public entity "shall not be liable for punitive or exemplary damages under this article." In addition, section 29-5-111, C.R.S.1973 (now in 1977 Repl. Vol. 12), provides that:

"Notwithstanding the doctrines of sovereign immunity and respondeat superior, a . . . city and county . . . shall indemnify its paid peace officers for any liability incurred by them and for any judgment, Except a judgment for exemplary damages, entered against them for torts committed within the scope of their employment . . .." (Emphasis added.)

The defendant contends that indemnification of municipal police officers for exemplary damage awards arising out of their tortious conduct is a matter of purely local concern and that, since Denver is a home-rule city, its charter provisions on the subject control over state statutes. Denver argues that the matter is one of purely statewide concern and that the state statutes therefore control over the local enactments. Colo.Const. Art. XX, Sec. 6; Vela v. People, 174 Colo. 465, 484 P.2d 1204 (1971).

We do not agree with either party's characterization of the issue. In accordance with our recent decision in DeLong v. City and County of Denver, 195 Colo. 27, 576 P.2d 537 (1978), we find the matter to be one of Both...