Grout v. State

• Decision Date: 16 June 1982
• Docket Number: No. 66360,66360
• Citation: 320 N.W.2d 619
• Parties: Cheryl GROUT, Appellant, v. STATE of Iowa, Appellee.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

Page 619

320 N.W.2d 619

Cheryl GROUT, Appellant, v. STATE of Iowa, Appellee.

No. 66360.

Supreme Court of Iowa.

June 16, 1982.

Ray Sullins and John P. Roehrick, Des Moines, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Atty. Gen., Joseph P. Weeg, Asst. Atty. Gen., Dan L. Johnston, Polk County Atty., and Kevin VanderSchel, Asst. Polk County Atty., for appellee.

Considered en banc.

ALLBEE, Justice.

Petitioner Cheryl Grout appeals from the postconviction court's denial of her application for postconviction relief, wherein she challenged the voluntariness of her guilty plea. In January 1979, Grout pleaded guilty to first degree robbery and was subsequently sentenced to a mandatory term of no more than 25 years. See §§ 711.1, .2, 902.3, .9(1), Supplement to the Code 1977. Because of a prior conviction for the forcible felony of second degree robbery, she is required to serve at least 12 1/2 of those years without any possibility of parole. This requirement arises from section 906.5, Supplement to the Code 1977, which provides in pertinent part:

If the person who is under consideration for parole is serving a sentence for conviction of a felony and has a criminal record of one or more prior convictions for a forcible felony or a crime of a similar gravity in this or any other state, parole shall be denied unless the defendant has served at least one-half of the maximum term of his or her sentence.

In this postconviction action, Grout asserts that she first learned of the section 906.5 limitation on April 30, 1979, almost three months after she was sentenced, and that therefore her guilty plea was involuntary because she did not fully understand its consequences. Grout further contends that in this case, relief should be granted in any event because the judge who accepted her plea and imposed sentence affirmatively misled her to believe she would be eligible for parole after five years.

I. Iowa law. Grout's contention that Iowa law requires defendants with prior forcible felony convictions to be informed of section 906.5 before they plead guilty is foreclosed by this court's recent decision in Boge v. State, 309 N.W.2d 428, 430-31 (Iowa 1981), which rejected precisely such an argument. See also Fryer v. Scurr, 309 N.W.2d 441 (Iowa 1981).

We are unable to pursue Grout's claim that she was affirmatively misled to believe she would be eligible for parole after five years, because she raises this issue for the first time on appeal. Issues not raised in the postconviction court cannot be considered on appeal.

II. Federal constitutional law. Grout's remaining argument is that, notwithstanding Boge, the due process clause of the federal constitution's fourteenth amendment requires that a defendant be informed of section 906.5, where applicable, during a guilty plea colloquy. See Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 1712, 23 L.Ed.2d 274, 279 (1969) (guilty plea proceedings in state courts must comply with federal standards because waiver of federal constitutional rights is involved).

Six federal cases are cited by Grout in support of her position: Cuthrell v. Director, Patuxent Institution, 475 F.2d 1364, 1366 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1005, 94 S.Ct. 362, 38 L.Ed.2d 241 (1973); Moody v. United States, 469 F.2d 705 (8th Cir. 1972); United States v. Smith, 440 F.2d 521 (7th Cir. 1971); Bye v. United States, 435 F.2d 177 (2d Cir. 1970); Berry v. United States, 412 F.2d 189 (3rd Cir. 1969); Durant v. United States, 410 F.2d 689 (1st Cir. 1969). With the exception of Cuthrell, which supports Grout's position only by way of dictum, each of these cases found there had been a violation of the federal rule of criminal procedure which governs guilty pleas; therefore, none of them reached the constitutional question. We further note that each of these cases was decided prior to 1975, when the federal rule governing acceptance of guilty pleas was amended and clarified. Recently, in Hunter v. Fogg, 616 F.2d 55 (2d Cir. 1980), which effectively overruled the Bye case relied upon by Grout, the change in the federal rule was explained as follows:

In 1975 Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure was amended to clarify the previous requirement that a federal defendant be advised of the "consequences" of a guilty plea. [Citations omitted.] As currently worded, Rule 11 provides that a defendant need be informed of only two sentencing consequences: "the mandatory minimum penalty provided by law, if any, and the maximum possible penalty provided by law." The meaning of these words is made abundantly clear in the Advisory Committee Note to Rule 11: "The objective is to insure that a defendant knows what minimum sentence the judge must impose and what maximum sentence the judge may impose.... Giving this advice tells a defendant the shortest mandatory sentence and also the longest possible sentence for the offense to which he is pleading guilty." Thus, for federal defendants, Rule 11's concern about sentencing minimums refers only to a statutory mandatory minimum, the lowest sentence the judge is permitted to impose. It is not concerned at all with statutory provisions affecting the date of earliest release from confinement, whether that date is specified by statute or by the sentencing judge pursuant to statutory authority. This is made clear by the Advisory Committee's explicit discussion of the possibility of parole ineligibility. The Committee's Note says, "It has been suggested that it is desirable to inform a defendant of additional consequences which might follow from his plea of guilty." The Note then illustrates several consequences, including the possibility of ineligibility for parole. "Under the rule," the Note continues, "the judge is not required to inform a defendant about these matters, though a judge is free to do so ...."

Hunter, 616 F.2d at 60. Having determined that federal rule 11, as amended, does not require trial courts to inform defendants concerning ineligibility for parole, the Hunter court went further and concluded that there is no such requirement under the federal constitution. Such information as the existence of a minimum period of parole eligibility, the court said, "might usefully be told to a defendant but [is] not required to be told, either by Rule 11 or the Constitution." Id. at 61. See also Armstrong v. Egeler, 563 F.2d 796 (6th Cir. 1977).

Accordingly, we hold that the due process clause of the federal constitution does not require that a defendant with a prior forcible felony conviction be informed of the period of parole ineligibility prescribed by section 906.5 before his or her guilty plea may be accepted.

Having found no merit in either of the contentions on which the petitioner properly preserved error, we affirm the judgment of the postconviction court.

AFFIRMED.

LeGRAND, HARRIS and McGIVERIN, JJ., concur.

LARSON, J., concurs in the result.

McCORMICK, J., dissents.

REYNOLDSON, C.J., and UHLENHOPP and SCHULTZ, JJ., join the dissent.

McCORMICK, Justice (dissenting).

I am unable to agree that the question of the court's duty to inform Grout of the parole limitation in section 906.5 is controlled by Boge v. State, 309 N.W.2d 428 (Iowa 1981). Nor do I agree that Grout is foreclosed from challenging her conviction based on the plea-taking judge's erroneous advice concerning her eligibility for parole.

I. The duty to advise. The present case is easily distinguished from Boge. That case did not involve a statutory minimum mandatory sentence nor did it involve a constitutional issue. Insofar as relevant here, it involved only the issue of the court's duty under Iowa R.Crim.P. 8(2)(b) to advise a defendant in a plea proceeding of the effect of section 906.5 on the defendant's eligibility for parole from an indeterminate sentence. See 309 N.W.2d at 430-31. In this case, Grout was subject to both a mandatory minimum sentence and section 906.5. Under section 902.7 she was subject to a five-year mandatory minimum period of incarceration for use of a firearm in the offense. Under section 906.5 she was subject to a mandatory minimum period of incarceration of twelve and one-half years based on the prior conviction of a forcible felony. Thus the advice of a court limited to the applicability of section 902.7 would be incomplete and inherently misleading. This problem was neither involved nor addressed in Boge.

This court made it clear in State v. Wilson, 314 N.W.2d 408, 409 (Iowa 1982), that no meaningful distinction exists between the result under section 906.5 and the result under a minimum mandatory sentence provision like 902.7:

In Boge v. State, 309 N.W.2d 428, 430-31, this court described the restriction in section 906.5 as a limitation on the power of the parole board to grant a parole rather than a minimum sentence. The effect, however, is the same. For example, the minimum five-year sentence under section 902.7 to which defendant was also subject because of his use of a firearm is also a limitation of the parole board's power. Certainly it would be difficult to point out any difference to the person who must serve the additional time.

Rule 8(2)(b)(2) requires the court to advise a defendant of the mandatory minimum period of incarceration under section 902.7. It is artificial and unrealistic to suggest that the defendant's understanding of the minimum sentence can be established when only part of the truth is conveyed. Thus the constitutional mandate that the defendant have a full understanding of plea consequences pursuant to Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243-44, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 1712-13, 23 L.Ed.2d 274, 279-80 (1969), cannot be satisfied in this situation by technical compliance with rule 8. None of the federal cases relied on by the court involved a similar problem.

I would hold that when a defendant is subject to more than one statutory provision establishing a mandatory minimum period of incarceration the court must advise the defendant of each as...